NASA LBA-ECO Project

Description

This data set provides measurements from the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (AMAZE-08) carried out during the wet season from February 4 to March 21, 2008 in the central Amazon Basin. Aerosol and atmospheric samples and measurements were collected at Tower TT34 located 60 km NNW of downtown Manaus, and at Tower K34, located 1.6 km from the TT34 site. Physical characterization of aerosols included size, mass, and number distributions and light scattering properties. Chemical characterization included mass concentrations of organics, major anions and cations, and trace metals. Aerosol sources were estimated with measurements of black carbon and biogenic particles. Meteorological and atmospheric conditions including relative humidity, temperature, wind speed and direction, rain, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), downward and upward solar irradiance, and condensation nuclei were measured. Atmospheric trace gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were sampled and analyzed.

amazon_precip_228

The Amazon River Basin precipitation grids were derived from data which was collected daily by the gauging network operated by the Divisao Nacional de Aguas e Energia Eletrica (DNAEE, SGAN 603 Modulo J, Anexo DNC, CEP 70.830-030 Brasilia DF, Brazil). The DNAEE provided the Earth Observing System (EOS) Regional Amazon Model (EOSRAM) project with this data for cooperative analysis. The project includes both empirical and modeling studies of rainfall and runoff from sample hillslopes to the entire Amazon basin. The precipitation data is 0.2 degree gridded monthly precipitation data. The data spans the period from January 1972 to December 1992.

JERS-1_SAR_GRFM_Amazon_Mosaics_1280

This data set provides ~100-m resolution image mosaics of South America acquired during the low flood season between September and December 1995 and during the high flood season between May and July of 1996. The images cover the same areas during both seasons and were obtained from the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite 1 (JERS-1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) of the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). The data were mosaicked into 34 tiles for each season, each consisting of about 50 JERS-1 scenes. This data set constitutes the first-ever high-resolution and single season coverage of the entire Amazon River Basin, made possible by the cloud penetrating properties of the radar sensor. The images are from the original JERS-1 SAR Global Rain Forest Mapping Project. This data set contains 66 files in GeoTIFF (.tiff) format. There are 32 files for the low flood season and 34 files for the high flood season.

basin_border_670

This data set is an expanded version of the Costa et al. (2000) data set and consists of a single grid with values of 1 for cells within the basins and 0 for cells outside. The resolution of the data set is 5 x 5 min (approximately 9 x 9 km). The area of this data set is consistent with the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America. The data file is in ASCII GRID format.

legal_amazon_mask_671

The Legal Amazon of Brazil is defined by law to include the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, and Tocantins [Fundãcao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) 1991]. This is the definition used in generating the Legal Amazon mask. The 8-km Legal Amazon mask was generated by Christopher Potter at the Ecosystem Science and Technology Branch of the Earth Science Division at NASA Ames Research Center (Potter and Brooks-Genovese 1999). The mask was generated from the Digital Chart of the World available from Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI). The mask is available in ASCII GRID format. The README file accompanying the mask has more information regarding data format. More information can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/human_dimensions/legal_amazon_mask/comp/legamazon_readme.pdf.

olson_672

This data set is a subset of Olson et al. (1985, 2000) "Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation." This subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., latitude 10° N to 25° S, longitude 30° to 85° W). The data are in ASCII GRID format. "Major World Ecosystem Complexes Ranked by Carbon in Live Vegetation" is a computerized database used to generate a global vegetation map of 44 different land ecosystem complexes (mosaics of vegetation or landscapes) comprising seven broad groups. The map is derived from patterns of preagricultural vegetation, modern areal surveys, and intensive biomass data from research sites. Work on the database was begun in 1960 and completed in 1980. Ecosystem complexes are defined for each 0.5-degree grid cell, reflecting the major climatic, topographic, and land-use patterns. Numeric codes are assigned to each vegetation type. Classifications include natural as well as human managed/modified complexes such as mainly cropped, residential, commercial, and park. The complexes are ranked by estimated organic carbon in the mass of live plants given in units of kilograms of carbon per square meter. Counting the cells of each type and adding their areas give total area estimates for the ecosystem complexes. Multiplying by carbon estimates gives corresponding estimates of carbon by ecosystem complex with in the LBA study area. The results help define the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle. Information about the ecosystem classifications, as well as the procedure used to create the LBA subset can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/carbon_dynamics/olson/comp/olson_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

willmott_673

This data set is a subset of a 0.5-degree gridded temperature and precipitation data set for South America (Willmott and Webber 1998). This subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), defined as 10° N to 25° S, 30° to 85° W. The data are in ASCII GRID format. The data consist of the following: Monthly mean air temperature time series (1960-1990), in degrees C: monthly mean air temperatures for 1960-1990 cross validation errors associated with time series monthly mean air temperatures for 1960-1990, DEM assisted interpolation cross validation errors associated with DEM assisted interpolation time series Monthly mean air temperature climatology, in degrees C: climatic means of monthly and annual air temperatures cross validation errors associated with climatic means climatic means of monthly and annual mean air temperatures, DEM assisted interpolation cross validation errors associated with DEM assisted interpolation climatic means Monthly total precipitation time series (1960-1990), in millimeters: monthly precipitation totals for 1960-1990 cross validation errors associated with time series monthly precipitation totals for 1960-1990, climatologically aided interpolation cross validation errors associated with climatologically aided interpolation time series Monthly total precipitation climatology, in millimeters: climatic means of monthly and annual precipitation totals cross validation errors associated with climatic means More information about the full data set can be found at "Willmott, Matsuura, and Collaborators' Global Climate Resource Pages" (http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate) at the University of Delaware. To obtain the original documentation and data, follow the link for "Available Climate Data," register or sign in, and follow the link for "South American Climate Data." Information on the LBA subset can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/physical_climate/willmott/comp/willmott_readme.pdf.

lba_isric_wise_701

The data set consists of a subset of the ISRIC-WISE global data set of derived soil properties for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 to 30 degrees W, latitude 25 degrees S to 10 degrees N).The World Inventory of Soil Emission Potentials (WISE) database currently contains data for over 4300 soil profiles collected mostly between 1950 and 1995. This database has been used to generate a series of uniform data sets of derived soil properties for each of the 106 soil units considered in the Soil Map of the World (FAO-UNESCO, 1974). These data sets were then linked to a 1/2 degree longitude by 1/2 degree latitude version of the edited and digital Soil Map of the World (FAO, 1995) to generate GIS raster image files for the following variables:Total available water capacity (mm water per 1 m soil depth)Soil organic carbon density (kg C/m2 for 0-30 cm depth range)Soil organic carbon density (kg C/m2 for 0-100 cm depth range)Soil carbonate carbon density (kg C/m**2 for 0-100 cm depth range)Soil pH (0-30 cm depth range)Soil pH (30-100 cm depth range)LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil and NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. More information about LBA and links to other LBA project sites can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

soller_wetlands_674

This data set consists of a subset of a 1-degree gridded global freshwater wetlands database (Stillwell-Soller et al. 1995). This subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., 10° N to 25° S, 30° to 85° W). The data are in ASCII GRID format. The global freshwater wetlands database was assembled from two data sets: Aselman and Crutzen's (1989) wetlands data set and Klinger's political Alaska data set (pers. comm. to L. M. Stillwell-Soller, 1995). The aim of Stillwell-Soller's global data set was to provide an accurate, comprehensive and uniform set of files for convenient specification of wetlands in global climate models. The main source of data was Aselman and Crutzen's global maps of percent cover for a variety of wetlands categories at 2.5-degree latitude by 5-degree longitude resolution. There was some reorganization for seasonally varying categories. Aselman and Crutzen's data were interpolated to a standard 1-degree by 1-degree grid through bilinear interpolation. Their data were geographically complete except for the Alaskan region, for which Klinger's data set provided values. More information can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_land_cover_change/soller_wetlands/comp/soller_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

lba_ghcn_702

This data set consists of a subset of the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) Version 1 database for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 to 30 degrees W, latitude 25 degrees S to 10 degrees N). There are three files available, one each for precipitation, temperature, and pressure data. Within this subset the oldest data date from 1832 and the most recent from 1990.The GHCN V1 database contains monthly temperature, precipitation, sea-level pressure, and station-pressure data for thousands of meteorological stations worldwide. The database was compiled from pre-existing national, regional, and global collections of data as part of the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) project, the goal of which was to produce, maintain and make available a comprehensive global surface baseline climate data set for monitoring climate and detecting climate change. It contains data from roughly 6000 temperature stations, 7500 precipitation stations, 1800 sea-level pressure stations, and 1800 station-pressure stations. Each station has at least 10 years of data; 40% have more than 50 years of data. Spatial coverage is good over most of the globe, particularly for the United States and Europe. Data gaps are evident over the Amazon rainforest, the Sahara desert, Greenland, and Antarctica. The earliest station data are from 1697; the most recent are from 1990. The database was created from 15 source data sets including:The National Climatic Data Center's (NCDC's) World Weather Records,CAC's Climate Anomaly Monitoring System (CAMS),NCAR's World Monthly Surface Station Climatology,CIRES' (Eischeid/Diaz) Global precipitation data set,P. Jones' Temperature data base for the world, andS. Nicholson's African precipitation database. Quality Control of the GHCN V1 database included visual inspection of graphs of all station time series, tests for precipitation digitized 6 months out of phase, tests for different stations having identical data, and other tests. This detailed analysis has revealed that most stations (95% for temperature and precipitation, 75% for pressure) contain high-quality data. However, gross data-processing errors (e.g., keypunch problems) and discontinuous inhomogeneities (e.g., station relocations and instrumentation changes) do characterize a small number of stations. All major data processing problems have been flagged (or corrected, when possible). Similarly, all major inhomogeneities have been flagged, although no homogeneity corrections were applied.LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil and NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. More information about LBA and links to other LBA project sites can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

historical_croplands_675

This data set is a subset of a global croplands data set (Ramankutty and Foley 1999a). The subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., 10° N to 25° S, 30° to 85° W). The data are in ASCII GRID format at 5-min resolution. Navin Ramankutty and Jonathan Foley, of the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) at the University of Wisconsin, developed a global, spatially explicit data set of reconstructed historical croplands from 1700 to 1992. The method for historical reconstruction used a simple algorithm that linked contemporary satellite data and historical cropland inventory data. A spatially explicit croplands data set for 1992 was first derived by calibrating a satellite-derived land cover classification data set against cropland inventory data for 1992. This derived data set was then used within a simple land cover change model, along with historical cropland inventory data, to derive spatially explicit maps of historical croplands. The global data set was restricted to a representation of permanent croplands (i.e., excluding shifting cultivation), which follows the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition of arable lands and permanent crops. Data values represent fraction of grid cell in croplands. Data for the LBA study area are available for the years 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, and 1992. Although the global croplands data set contains data representing croplands since 1700, essentially no croplands were in the LBA study area until 1900. Data from previous years were excluded at the suggestion of the data originator. More information can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_land_cover_change/historical_croplands/comp/uwcrop_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

gghydro_676

This subset of the Global Hydrographic data set (GGHYDRO) Release 2.2 for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N) is organized into 19 files containing terrain type, stream frequency counts, major drainage basins, main features of the cryosphere surface, and ice/water runoff per year for the entire Earth's surface at a spatial resolution of 1- degree longitude by 1-degree latitude. The data are provided in both ASCII GRID and binary image file formats.More information and selected thumbnails images can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/surf_hydro_and_water_chem/gghydro/comp/README. Exposed land not covered by swamp, intermittent water bodies, glacier ice, sand dunes, saltmarsh or salt flats (LAND)2. Perennial freshwater lakes (FLAK)3. Swamp, marsh and other wetlands(SWMP)4. Saltwater, whether marine or terrestrial (SLTW)5. Intermittent water bodies (ILAK)6. Glacier ice, including shelf ice but excluding pack ice (GLAC)7. Sand dunes (DUNE)8. Saltmarsh (SMRS)9. Salt flats (SFLT)10. Land + Swamp + Sand dunes + Saltmarsh (DSRF)11. Perennial rivers (FRIV)12. Intermittent rivers (IRIV)13. Land mask (MS05)14. Major drainage basins (BAS1)15. Smaller drainage basins (BAS2)16. Main features of the cryosphere (CRYO)17. Surface runoff of water (kg/m2/yr) (RNOF)18. Estimated root-mean-square error of RNOF (%) (RNER)19. Runoff of ice ( kg/m2/yr ) (RICE)

land_cover_data_1deg_677

This data set consists of a subset for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N) of the University of Maryland (UMD) 1-degree Global Land Cover product in ASCII GRID and binary image formats.The UMD 1-degree Global Land Cover product was produced by researchers at the Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies (LGRSS) at UMD. The product is based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) maximum monthly composites for 1987 of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values at approximately 8-km resolution, averaged to one-by-one degree resolution. This coarse- resolution data set was used as the basis for a supervised classification of eleven cover types that broadly represent the major biomes of the world. Because of missing values at high latitudes, the Pathfinder AVHRR data set for 1987 for summer monthly NDVI and red reflectance values were used to distinguish the following cover types: tundra, high latitude deciduous forest and woodland, coniferous evergreen forest and woodland.The 1-degree global land cover product is available for download from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF)[http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landcover/index.shtml] web site. The data are available as a global coverage in both binary and ASCII format. Additional information and references on this data set can be found at the GLCF web site as well as at the LGRSS web site (link provided at the GLCF web site ) and in the readme file found along with the data [ ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_change/land_cover_data_1deg/comp/README].

land_cover_data_1km_678

This data set is a subset of Hansen et al. (1999), "1 km Global Land Cover Data Set Derived from AVHRR," which was developed at the Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies (LGRSS) at the University of Maryland. This subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., latitude 10 N to 25 S, longitude 30 to 85 W). The data are in ASCII GRID file format. In recent years, researchers have increasingly turned to remotely sensed data to improve the accuracy of data sets that describe the geographic distribution of land cover at regional and global scales. To develop improved methodologies for global land cover classifications as well as to provide global land cover products for immediate use in global change research, LGRSS researchers have employed the NASA/NOAA Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) data set with a spatial resolution of 1 km. The PAL data set has a record length of 14 years (1981-1994), providing the ability to test the stability of classification algorithms. The PAL data set includes red, infrared, and thermal bands in addition to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Inclusion of these additional bands improves discrimination between cover types. The LGRSS researchers' aim was to develop and validate global land cover data sets and to develop advanced methodologies for more realistically describing the vegetative land surface based on satellite data. The 1-km global land cover product was created from 1992-1993 local area coverage (LAC) AVHRR data. The global land cover product is available for download from the University of Maryland's Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) Web site (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landcover/index.shtml). Forty-one metrics were developed to describe global vegetation phenology, and these data were used to make the 1-km land cover map. The final product contains 13 land cover classes. More information can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_land_cover_change/land_cover_data_1km/comp/glcf1km_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

DISCover_land_cover_679

The data set consists of a LBA study area subset of the IGBP DISCover Data Set. The DISCover data set is one data set contained within the Global Land Cover Characteristics Data Base. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), and the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) have generated a 1-km resolution global land cover characteristics data base for use in a wide range of environmental research and modeling applications. The global land cover characteristics data base was developed on a continent-by-continent basis. All continental data bases share the same map projections (Interrupted Goode Homolosine and Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area), have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, and are based on 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data spanning April 1992 through March 1993. Each data base contains unique elements based on the geographic aspects of the specific continent. In addition, a core set of derived thematic maps produced through the aggregation of seasonal land cover regions are included in each continental data base. The continental data bases are combined to make six global data sets, each representing a different landscape based on a particular classification legend. The following derived data sets are included in the global land cover data base: * Global Ecosystems (Olson, 1994a, 1994b) * IGBP Land Cover Classification (Belward, 1996) * U.S. Geological Survey Land Use/Land Cover System(Anderson & others, 1976) * Simple Biosphere Model (Sellers and others, 1986) * Simple Biosphere 2 Model (Sellers and others, 1996) * Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (Dickinson and others, 1986) The legends for each of these derived data sets can be found in the documentation accompanying the data. For a description of the methodology for the global data base, see the global readme file found under the EROS Data Center DAAC home page (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html).

land_cover_data_8km_680

This data set is a subset of an 8-km global land cover product (DeFries et al. 1998). This subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., latitude 10° N to 25° S, longitude 30° to 85° W). The data are in ASCII GRID file format. To develop improved methodologies for global land cover classifications as well as to provide global land cover products for immediate use in global change research, researchers at the Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies at the University of Maryland employed the NASA/NOAA Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) data set with a spatial resolution of 8 km. The PAL data set has a length of record of 14 years (1981-1994), providing the ability to test the stability of classification algorithms. Furthermore, the data set includes red, infrared, and thermal bands in addition to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Inclusion of these additional bands improves discrimination between cover types. The project's aim was to develop and validate global land cover data sets and to develop advanced methodologies for more realistically describing the vegetative land surface based on satellite data. The global land cover product (Defries et al. 1998) was derived by testing several metrics that describe the temporal dynamics of vegetation over an annual cycle. These metrics were applied to 1984 PAL data at 8-km resolution to derive a global land cover classification product using a decision tree classifier. The final product contains 13 land cover classes. The original 8-km global land cover product is available for download from the University of Maryland's Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) Web site (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landcover/index.shtml). Additional information and references on this data set can be found at the GLCF Web site, as well as at the LGRSS Web site (http://www.geog.umd.edu/LGRSS/intro.html). More information can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_land_cover_change/comp/land_cover_data_8km/glcf8km_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

leemans_cramer_681

This data set is a subset of Cramer and Leemans' (2001) global database of mean monthly climatology, which contains monthly averages of mean temperature, temperature range, precipitation, rain days, and sunshine hours for terrestrial areas during 1931-1960. This subset was created for the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., latitude 10° N to 25° S, longitude 30° to 85° W). The data are presented at 0.5-degree latitude/longitude resolution in ASCII GRID file format. Cramer and Leemans (2001, Version 2.1) constituted a major update of an earlier database, Leemans and Cramer (1991). The new version was generated from a larger database by means of the partial thin-plate splining algorithm developed by Michael F. Hutchinson, Canberra (Hutchinson and Bischof 1983). Version 2.1 has been used widely, notably by all groups participating in the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme's Net Primary Productivity (NPP) model intercomparison (Olsen et al. 2001). More information about the data can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/physical_climate/leemans_cramer/comp/cramer_lmns_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html. tabase is a major update of the Leemans and Cramer database (Leemans and Cramer 1991). It contains long-term monthly averages, for the period 1931-1960, of mean temperature, temperature range, precipitation, rain days and sunshine hours for the terrestrial surface of the globe, gridded at 0.5-degree longitude/latitude resolution. It was generated from a larger database, using the partial thin-plate splining algorithm developed by Michael F. Hutchinson, Canberra (Hutchinson and Bischof 1983). The current version is 2.1--this is the same version that is currently used widely around the globe, notably by all groups participating in the IGBP NPP model intercomparison.More information can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/physical_climate/leemans_cramer/comp/README.

Zinke_soil_683

The data set contains a subset of a global organic soil carbon and nitrogen data set (Zinke et al. 1986). The subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., 10 N to 25 S, 30 to 85 W). The point data are available in three formats: a comma-delimited ASCII file (.csv), an ESRI shapefile, and an ESRI export file (.e00). The data for the global data set (Zinke et al. 1986) were obtained from soil surveys conducted by Zinke in 1965-1984 and from soil survey literature. The main samples for laboratory analyses were collected at uniform soil increments and included bulk density determinations. Many samples reported in the literature did not have uniform soil increments or bulk density determinations. Only soil profiles that had been sampled either to a meter in depth or to actual depth were included in this database from soil survey literature. When carbon content was known but bulk densities were absent from soil samples reported in the literature, densities were estimated by regression analysis on the basis of the relationship between organic carbon content and measured bulk density in 1800 soil profiles for which bulk densities were known. Further information can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/carbon_dynamics/Zinke_soil/comp/zinke_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

potential_vegetation_684

The data set consists of a subset for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N) of the 5-min resolution Global Potential Vegetation data set developed by Navin Ramankutty and Jon Foley at the University of Wisconsin. Data are available in both ASCII GRID and binary image file formats.The original map was derived at a 5-min resolution and contains natural vegetation classified into 15 types. This data set is derived mainly from the DISCover land cover data set, with the regions dominated by land use filled using the vegetation data set of Haxeltine and Prentice (1996). The data set represents the world's potential vegetation (i.e., vegetation that would most likely exist now in the absence of human activities), and not necessarily natural pre-settlement vegetation. This is because human activities such as fire suppression have modified the stages of succession at which vegetation communities exist.More information can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_change/potential_vegetation/comp/README.

sage_685

This data set is a subset of a global river discharge data set by Coe and Olejniczak (1999). The subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., 10° N to 25° S, 30° to 85° W). The global river discharge data set (Coe and Olejniczak 1999), formerly known as the "Climate, People, and Environment Program (CPEP) Global River Discharge Database," is a compilation of monthly mean discharge data for more than 2600 sites worldwide. The data were compiled from RivDIS Version 1.1 (Vorosmarty et al. 1998), the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Brazilian National Department of Water and Electrical Energy. The period of record for the sites varies from 3 years to greater than 100. The purpose of the global compilation is to provide detailed hydrographic information for the climate research community in as general a format as possible. Data are given in units of meters cubed per second (m**3/sec) and are in ASCII format. Data from stations that had less than 3 years of information or that had a basin area less than 5000 square kilometers were excluded from the global data set. Thus, the data sources may include more sites than the data set by Coe and Olejniczak (1999). Users should refer to the data originators for further documentation on the source data. More information, a map of discharge sites, and a clickable site data table can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/surf_hydro_and_water_chem/sage/comp/sagedischarge_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. Further information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

lba_tree_cover-1km_686

The data set consists of a subset for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N) of the 1km Global Tree Cover Data Set developed at the Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies (LGRSS) at the University of Maryland. Data are available in both ASCII GRID and binary image files formats.Characterization of terrestrial vegetation from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the global to regional scale has traditionally been accomplished using classification schemes with discrete numbers of vegetation classes. Representation of vegetation into a limited number of homogeneous classes does not account for the variability within land cover, nor does the portrayal recognize transition zones between adjacent cover types. An alternative paradigm to describing land cover as discrete classes is to represent land cover as continuous fields of vegetation characteristics using a linear mixture model approach. This prototype data set, created by researchers at the Laboratory for Global Remote Sensing Studies (LGRSS) at the University of Maryland, contains 1-km cells estimating: 1) Percent tree cover; 2) Percentage cover for two layers representing leaf longevity (evergreen and deciduous); and 3) Percentage cover for two layers estimating leaf type (broadleaf and needleleaf).Data acquired in 1992-93 from NOAA's AVHRR at a 1-km spatial resolution and processed under the guidance of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) were used to derive the tree cover, leaf type and leaf longevity maps. Each pixel in the layers has a value between 10 and 80 percent. These layers can be directly used as parameters in models or aggregated into more conventional land cover maps. For the latter, the product offers the flexibility to derive land cover maps based on user's requirements for a particular application. The product is intended for use in terrestrial carbon cycle models, in conjunction with other spatial data sets such as climate and soil type, to obtain more consistent and reliable estimates of carbon stocks.

wilhend_687

This data set is a subset of a global vegetation and soils data set by Wilson and Henderson-Sellers (1985a). The subset was created for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., 10° N to 25° S, 30° to 85° W). The data are in ASCII GRID format. The original global data set (Wilson and Henderson-Sellers 1985a) is an archive of soil type and land cover data derived for use in general circulation models (GCMs). The data were collated from maps depicting natural vegetation, forestry, agriculture, land use, and soil, and they were archived at a resolution of 1° latitude by 1° longitude. The data set indicates soil type, soil data reliability, primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, and land cover data reliability. Approximately 50 land cover classifications are used, including categories for agricultural and urban uses. The inclusion of secondary vegetation type is particularly useful in areas with cover types that may have a fragmented distribution, such as in areas of urban development. The soil type data are classified according to climatically important properties for GCMs, and they indicate color (light, medium, or dark), texture, and drainage quality of the soil. The land cover data are compatible with the soils data, forming a coherent and consistent data set. The reliability of the land cover data is ranked on a scale of 1 to 5 (high to low). The reliability of the soil data is ranked as high, good, moderate, fair, or poor. Recommendations for the use of these data, as well as more detailed information can be found in Wilson and Henderson-Sellers (1985b). Further data set information can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_land_cover_change/wilhend/comp/wilhend_readme.pdf. LBA was a cooperative international research initiative led by Brazil. NASA was a lead sponsor for several experiments. LBA was designed to create the new knowledge needed to understand the climatological, ecological, biogeochemical, and hydrological functioning of Amazonia; the impact of land use change on these functions; and the interactions between Amazonia and the Earth system. More information about LBA can be found at http://www.daac.ornl.gov/LBA/misc_amazon.html.

lba_gisswetlands_688

This database, compiled by Matthews and Fung (1987), provides information on the distribution and environmental characteristics of natural wetlands. The database was developed to evaluate the role of wetlands in the annual emission of methane from terrestrial sources. The original data consists of five global 1-degree latitude by 1-degree longitude arrays. This subset, for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America, retains all five arrays at the 1-degree resolution but only for the area of interest (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N). The arrays are (1) wetland data source, (2) wetland type, (3) fractional inundation, (4) vegetation type, and (5) soil type. The data subsets are in both ASCII GRID and binary image file formats.The data base is the result of the integration of three independent digital sources: (1) vegetation classified according to the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) system (Matthews, 1983), (2) soil properties from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soil maps (Zobler, 1986), and (3) fractional inundation in each 1-degree cell compiled from a global map survey of Operational Navigation Charts (ONC). With vegetation, soil, and inundation characteristics of each wetland site identified, the data base has been used for a coherent and systematic estimate of methane emissions from wetlands and for an analysis of the causes for uncertainties in the emission estimate.The complete global data base is available from NASA/GISS [http://www.giss.nasa.gov] and NCAR data set ds765.5 [http://www.ncar.ucar.edu]; the global vegetation types data are available from ORNL DAAC [http://www.daac.ornl.gov].

CD01_CIRSAN_Meteorology_2001_1114

This data set contains meteorological data collected around the confluence of the Tapajos River with the Amazon River in the Amazon Basin near Santarem, Brazil, in July and August 2001. Boundary layer and upper air measurements were collected with an acoustic sounder-sodar instrument, pilot balloons with optical theodolites, and radiosondes. Radiosondes also measured pressure, temperature, and relative humidity in addition to wind speed and direction. Measurements were made from five local stations at varying frequencies. There are 41 comma-delimited data files with this data set. Supporting information provided with the data set as companion files include: Weather forecasts: Weather forecasts were used to determine the presence of favorable conditions for the balloon flights during the CIRSAN experiment, as well as to help decide the radiosonde launch frequency. The daily observed and forecast weather descriptions for the study period (Weather_forecasts_Santarem.txt) are included. Satellite images: All the satellite images during the CIRSAN period are provided. This is a compilation of images from various instruments and satellite platforms. (See readme_sat.txt). There are 42 images in .gif format. CPTEC Analysis files: The CIRSAN measurement data were used in the CPTEC Global Analysis modeling activity. Model output results for the Pacific and South American region are provided in GRIB format. (See readme_GPSA.txt)

CD01_BRAMS_907

We have investigated mesoscale variations of atmospheric CO2 over a heterogeneous landscape of forests, pastures, and large rivers during the Santarem Mesoscale Campaign (SMC) of August 2001. The variations of atmospheric CO2 concentration were simulated using the Colorado State University (CSU) Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with four nested grids that included a 1-km finest grid centered on the Flona Tapajos. Surface fluxes of CO2 were prescribed in the model using idealized diurnal cycles over forest and pasture vegetation derived from flux tower observations, and over surface water using a value suggested by in situ measurements in the Amazon region. The distribution of vegetation types was derived from the 1-km International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) land-cover dataset version 2.0. Our simulation ran from the 1st through the 15th of August 2001, which was concurrent with the SMC. Evaluation against flux tower observations and the SMC field measurements shows that, in many respects, the model captures observed meteorological variables and CO2 concentrations reasonably well. The results also suggest that the local topography, differences in roughness length between water and land, the T shape juxtaposition of Amazon and Tapajos Rivers, and the resulting horizontal and vertical wind shears, all facilitated the generation of local mesoscale circulations. Possible mechanisms producing a lower level convergence line near the east bank of the Tapajos River during strong trade-wind conditions are also explored. Our modeling study is helping us to understand observed patterns of CO2 fluxes and concentration distribution obtained from flux towers and light aircraft.

CD02_C_N_Isotopes_1097

This data set reports delta 13C/12C results for leaf tissues and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), 15N/14N ratios for leaf tissue, and leaf carbon and nitrogen concentrations along a topographical gradient in old-growth forests in the ZF2 Reserve (km 34), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. During the dry seasons of 2004 and 2006, leaves were sampled at various heights within the canopy and atmospheric air flask samples were also collected at various heights at three locations along this gradient. Also included are coincident meteorological, atmospheric CO2, and CO2 flux measurements from the plateau KM34 tower. There are 3 comma-delimited data files with this data set.

CD02_Atmosphere_CO2_Isotopes_1011

This data set reports carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) collected at several forest and pasture sites and in the free troposphere over Amazonia. There are three comma-delimited ASCII files with this data set. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and isotope signatures were measured at ten different forest and pasture canopy sites across the states of Amazonas, Para, and Rondonia within the Brazilian Amazon between March 1999 and March 2004. Both daytime and nighttime profile samples were collected. Samples of CO2 in the troposphere were collected during aircraft flights over the Amazon/Tapajos Rivers, FLONA Tapajos, and pasture/agriculture areas during five days in May 2003 (wet season). Samples were analyzed for carbon and oxygen isotopes of atmospheric CO2. Flights ranged from low altitudes to above the diurnal tropospheric boundary layer. Measurements of carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are a powerful indicator of large-scale CO2 exchange on land across multiple spatial scales. Stable carbon isotope composition of leaf tissue and CO2 released by respiration (delta r) can be used as an estimate of changes in ecosystem isotopic discrimination that occur in response to seasonal and interannual changes in environmental conditions, and land-use change (forest-pasture conversion). Understanding of carbon dioxide stable isotope composition can play a central role in influencing our understanding of the extent to which terrestrial ecosystems are carbon sinks.

CD02_C_N_O_Organic_983

This data set reports the measurement of stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios in organic material (plant, litter and soil samples) in forest canopy profiles and pasture (grasses and shrubs) as well as corresponding carbon and nitrogen tissue concentrations in a number of different sites across Brazil. The sampling design captured the temporal variation in rainfall over the course of several years. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios can act as a proxy for interpreting aspects of the carbon and nitrogen cycles in Amazonian rainforests. Data are in three comma-delimited ASCII files.

CD02_Forest_Canopy_Structure_1009

This data set reports on Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Specific Leaf Area (SLA) measurements collected from forest and pasture sites in or near the Tapajos National Forest (TNF), 80 km south of the city of Santarem, Para, Brazil. The collections were between October 1999 and June 2003 from tower sites accessed via the km 67 forest entrance. There are 2 comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set, and 1 companion data file which provides site descriptions.

CD02_Leaf_Level_Gas_Exchange_1010

This data set reports leaf gas flux and leaf properties from samples collected from trees, liana, pasture saplings, and pasture grass located at eight different sampling locations in the states of Para (south of Santarem) and Amazonas (near Manaus) from November 1999 through December 2003. Data are reported on photosynthesis measurements, CO2 response curves, light response curves, humidity response curves, and stomatal responses to variations of the leaf-to-air water vapor mole fraction deficit. Leaf weight, carbon and nitrogen concentrations as well as stable isotope signatures for 13C and 15N are reported for a subset of the samples. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set.

CD02_Leaf_Water_Potential_1100

Data are reported for leaf water potential of leaves of seven species of trees and lianas from the primary forest at the km 67 Tower Site, Tapajos National Forest, and measurements of five sapling tree species and the grass Brachiaria brizantha from a pasture site located near the km 77 Pasture Tower Site, approximately 10 km from the primary forest site. The research area is situated within the Tapajos National Forest reserve, south of the city of Santarem, Para, Brazil. Measurements were made quarterly between March 2000 and March 2001. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

CD02_O_H_Isotopes_1008

This data set reports the oxygen isotope signatures of water extracted from plant tissue (xylem from the stems and leaf tissue) and of atmospheric water vapor from twelve different sites (including both pasture and forest) throughout the Amazon region of Brazil. Samples were collected approximately every 4 months between 1999 and 2003 with additional samples collected monthly between January and May of 2003. In 2004 the collection of water samples from plant tissue continued at two sites, though water vapor collections were discontinued, and measurements of deuterium signatures were added to the analyses. In addition, water vapor from the troposphere was collected during a series of aircraft flights over the Tapajos National Forest in May of 2003 and analyzed for oxygen isotopes using the same methodology. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set.

CD03_Ceilometer_Km67_942

A Vaisala CT-25K ceilometer was installed at an old-growth forest site located at the km 67 Eddy Flux Tower site in the Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil, off Kilometer 67 of BR-163 south of Santarem in April 2001 and remained operational through December 2003, with reliable data being collected between May 2001 and June 2003. Annual, 2001 to 2003, 30-minute average cloud base and backscatter profile data and measurement statistics (sample count, variance, skewness, and kurtosis) are presented in 15 ASCII comma-delineated files. In addition, the cloud base values (m) and measurement statistics for the three reported cloud base levels have been consolidated in 3 annual comma-separated files. The ceilometer provides 15-second measurements of cloud base (three levels up to 7500 m), echo intensity, and a 30-m resolution backscatter profile. The ceilometer reports vertical visibility during periods when the sky is obscured but a cloud base is not detectable. The ceilometer was operational for a sufficient amount of time to examine wet-to-dry season variations in cloud cover fraction and cloud base height.

CD03_Pasture_Flux_962

Eddy correlation and micrometeorological measurements began in 2001 and continued through 2005 at the pasture site at km 77 on BR-163 just south of the city of Santarem, Para, Brazil. Measurements included turbulent fluxes (momentum, heat, water vapor, and CO2) using the eddy covariance (EC) approach. Other measurements included the CO2 profile, air temperature, humidity, wind speed profile, downward and upward solar and terrestrial radiation, downward and upward photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), atmospheric pressure, rainfall, soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil heat flux. Data are presented in 5 comma-separated ASCII value (csv) files each corresponding roughly to one calendar year. At the beginning of the measurements, in September 2000, the field was a pasture. In November 2001, the pasture was burned, plowed, and planted in upland (non-irrigated) rice. Land use practices during the study period were recorded and are included in a table in Section 5 of this guide. The EC system was composed of a 3D sonic anemometer (ATI 3D) and an infrared analyzer (LICOR 6262) installed on a 20m tower in the agricultural field. The methodology to calculate the flux is described in detail in Sakai et al. (2004) and a companion file is included that describes in detail the formulae used to calculate the eddy flux variables (CD03_Pasture_Flux_Calculations.pdf).

CD03_Mesoscale_Meteorology_944

We analyzed rainfall obtained in a network of 38 rain gauges located near the confluence of the Tapajos and Amazon rivers in the eastern Amazon Basin. We found that tipping bucket rain gauges work adequately in the Amazon rainfall regime, but careful field calibration and comparison with collocated conventional rain gauges was essential to incorporate daily totals from operational array into regional maps. Near-river stations miss the afternoon convective rain as expected as the river breeze promotes subsidence over the river, but paradoxically, this deficiency is more than compensated for by additional nocturnal rainfall at these locations. The 0.25-degree CMORPH passive infrared inferred rainfall data do an adequate job of describing medium scale variability in this region, but some localized breeze effects are not resolved. For inland areas away from the breezes, the nocturnal period precipitation contributes less than half of total precipitation. The large-scale rainfall increase just to the west of Santarem manifests itself locally as a 'tongue' of enhanced rain from along the wide area of open water at the Tapajos-Amazon confluence The breeze circulations associated with the Amazon River (which lies parallel to the mean flow) affects rainfall more than does the Tapajos breeze (normal to the predominant wind). The Tapajos breeze influence extends only a few kilometers inland east of the riverbank. Rainfall increases to the north of the Amazon, possibly the result of orographic effects. Dry season rainfall increases by up to 30% going away from the Amazon River, as would be expected given breeze subsidence over the river.

CD03_Tethered_Balloon_1108

This data set contains measurements of nocturnal meteorological profiles collected from tethered balloon platforms during July 2001, October 2001, and November 2003. Measurements were made near the pasture/agricultural tower site at km 77 on BR-163 just south of the city of Santarem, and the near the Tapajos National Forest, km 83 tower site, Santarem, Para, Brazil. Measurements collected include air temperature, wind speed and direction, and specific humidity. The 2003 measurements also included CO2 concentrations. Sites were near enough to allow comparison between sounding profiles and tower data. There are three comma-delimited ASCII files with this data set. Profiles were obtained from sunset until the first hours after sunrise. Each sounding provided information on temperature, humidity, horizontal wind magnitude and direction as the balloon went up and down. Typical soundings went up to 300 to 400 m. During most of the night, soundings were performed hourly. The balloon rose at a rate of 0.5 m per second in the first 100 m, and 2 m per second above it. The time between successive samplings was 10 s. Intensive periods of shallow, successive soundings were performed starting at dawn, to catch the early development of the convective boundary layer (CBL). These early morning soundings went up only to the capping inversion.

CD04_Biomass_990

This data set contains the results of a biometric tree survey of a 19.25 ha area adjacent to the eddy flux tower at the km 83 logged forest tower site in Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. The survey was done in March 2000. All measurements reported here were taken before the logging began. Diameters of all trees > 35 cm DBH within the 19.25 ha survey area were recorded and trees with DBH between 10 and 35 cm DBH were recorded along three transects with a total area of 2.3 ha (Miller et al., 2004). These data were used to calculate net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and the role of this forest as a carbon source or sink. Biometric data are reported in one comma-delimited ASCII file.

CD04_Tower_Flux_Gap_978

This data set reports 30-minute values for above-canopy meteorology and fluxes of momentum, heat, and carbon dioxide, and within-canopy carbon dioxide and water vapor concentrations collected at 12 levels between 10 cm and 64 m at the tower located within a logging gap at km 83 Tower Site in the Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. Data were collected over 1.5 years between June 3, 2002 and January 30, 2004. All of the data are contained in one comma separated file. Two towers are located at the km 83 site. The first tower was installed in an intact forest area at this site in June 2000 (the 'intact' tower). In September 2001, the area adjacent to the tower was selectively logged (Bruno et al., 2006). The second tower (the 'gap tower') was installed and operating in June 2002, 400 m east of the intact tower. The gap tower was installed in the middle of a 50 m x 50 m log landing.

CD04_CO2_Profiles_947

We used two independent approaches, biometry and micrometeorology, to determine the net ecosystem production (NEP) of an old growth forest in Para, Brazil. Biometric inventories indicated that the forest was either a source or, at most, a modest sink of carbon from 1984 to 2000 (+0.8 +/- 2 Mg C(.)ha(-1.)yr(-1); a positive flux indicates carbon loss by the forest, a negative flux indicates carbon gain). Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 exchange were made from July 2000 to July 2001 using both open- and closed-path gas analyzers. The annual eddy covariance flux-calculated without correcting for the underestimation of flux on calm nights indicated that the forest was a large carbon sink (-3.9 Mg C.ha(-1.)yr(-1)). This annual uptake is comparable to past reports from other Amazonian forests, which also were calculated without correcting for calm nights. The magnitude of the annual integral was relatively insensitive to the selection of open- versus closed-path gas analyzer, averaging time, detrending, and high-frequency correction. In contrast, the magnitude of the annual integral was highly sensitive to the treatment of calm nights, changing by over 4 Mg C(.)ha(-1.)yr(-1) when a filter was used to replace the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during nocturnal periods with u* < 0.2 m/s. Analyses of the relationship between nocturnal NEE and u* confirmed that the annual sum needs to be corrected for the effect of calm nights, which resulted in our best estimate of the annual flux (+0.4 Mg C(.)ha(-1.)yr(-1)). The observed sensitivity of the annual sum to the u* filter is far greater than has been previously reported for temperate and boreal forests. The annual carbon balance determined by eddy covariance is therefore less certain for tropical than temperate forests. Nonetheless, the biometric and micrometeorological measurements in tandem provide strong evidence that the forest was not a strong, persistent carbon sink during the study interval.

CD04_Dendrometry_989

A dendrometry study was conducted at the logged forest tower site, km 83 site, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil over a period of 4 years following the implementation of a reduced impact logging management regime. Dendrometer bands were installed to measure diameter growth increments for 234 trees in an 18 ha plot adjacent to the eddy flux tower at the km 83 site. In addition to trees randomly selected for measurements within the plot prior to logging, a set of smaller diameter trees within or adjacent to gaps created during the logging treatment were added to the study in 2002. Selective logging is a major land use in the Amazon Basin. An accurate accounting of the effect of logging on regional carbon balances requires better information on the rates at which the logged forest recovers biomass. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

CD04_LAI_Estimates_1103

This data set contains summary data for monthly leaf area index (LAI) and plant area index (PAI) at the km 83 Tower Site, in the Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. LAI was estimated for hemispherical photographs of leaves collected between 2000 and 2003, using the histogram and gap-fraction analysis methods. There are two data files with this data set: one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set which contains the monthly summary LAI and PAI data, and one compressed (.zip) file that contains hemispherical photo images (.bmp) for 2000-2001. The images include those taken pre-logging and post-logging at the measurement site for the purpose of comparing LAI. In addition, there is a companion file containing a program code developed for LAI analysis provided as an ASCII text file.

CD04_LAI_992

Leaf area index was estimated in an 18 ha plot at the logged forest tower site, km 83, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. The plot was adjacent to the eddy flux tower at km 83, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. Thirty litter traps were placed at 25-m intervals along two east–west transects in the 18 ha block. Litter samples were collected biweekly from the traps and returned to the lab where they were sorted, air dried, and weighed. The leaf area of a subsample of air-dried leaves was determined using a computer scanner and image processing software. The subsample was then dried in an oven and the air-dried weights were corrected to oven-dried weight. The area of leaf litter collected during each sampling was calculated using the relationship between weight and area measured for the subsample (Goulden et al., 2004). There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

CD04_Leaf_Litter_991

Above-ground litter productivity was measured in a 18 ha plot adjacent to the eddy flux tower at the logged forest tower site, km 83, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. Thirty litter baskets distributed within the grid were visited bi-weekly (Goulden et al., 2004). Oven dry mass of leaves, wood, reproductive parts and miscellaneous components of the collected litter was determined for each collection. Collections covered a pre-harvest period (Sept 2000 - July 2001) and a post- harvest period (Aug 2001-Mar 2003). There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

CD04_Leaf_Level_Gas_Exchange_1060

This data set reports the results of measurements of (1) leaf-level photosynthesis response curves for the effects of temperature, leaf age, warming, irradiation, and circadian rhythm and (2) leaf-level photorespiration rates at 30 and 37 degrees C. Measurements were made between June 2000 and February 2006 at the km 83 Logged Forest Tower site, the km 67 Primary Forest Tower site, and the control site at Seca Floresta, all in the Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. There are 7 comma delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

CD04_Logging_Damage_1038

This data set contains the results of a survey of logging damage in a 18 ha plot (300 m N-S, 600 m E-W) east (upwind) of the eddy flux tower at km 83, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. Data collected include type of damage, snap height, and log dimensions, as well as calculated biomass of stems and canopy either damaged or removed in logging. There are two comma-delimited data files with this data set.

CD04_Soil_Moisture_Km83_979

This data set reports continuous high-resolution frequency-domain reflectometry measurements of soil moisture to 10 m depth and precipitation data near each of the two towers located at the km 83 tower site (logged forest site) in the Tapajos National Forest in the state of Para, Brazil. Measurements were made during 2002 and 2003. Soil moisture and precipitation data are provided in two comma-delimited ASCII files. The first tower was installed in an intact forest area at this site in June 2000 (the 'intact' tower) and instrumented for eddy flux and micrometerological measurements and operated 15 months prior to any logging in the area (Goulden et al., 2004; Miller et al., 2004; Rocha et al., 2004). In September 2001, the area adjacent to the tower was selectively logged (Bruno et al., 2006). The second tower (the 'gap tower' tower) was installed and operating in June 2002, 400 m east of the intact tower. The gap tower was installed in the middle of a 50 m x 50 m log landing. Soil moisture measurements were made in 10 m deep vertical pits (1 x 1 m2) approximately 20 m from the micrometerological tower sites in undisturbed forest patches. Reflectometers were inserted horizontally into shaft walls at 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 meters beneath the surface. These data were used to determine how soil moisture varies on diel, seasonal and multi-year timescales and to better understand the quantitative and mechanistic relationships between soil moisture and forest evapotranspiration.

CD04_Soil_Respiration_1039

This data set reports on the flux of carbon dioxide from logged forest soils near the eddy flux tower at the km 83 site, Para, Brazil. The automated soil respiration measurements were collected using 15 chambers, installed August 2001 in primary forest. Data were collected between December 19, 2001 and March 1, 2002. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

CD05_Fuel_Loads_1233

This data set contains estimates of understory fuel loads (forest litter) at six locations near Paragominas in Northeastern Amazonia. Samples were collected from three different forest conditions: primary forest, logged forest, and burned forest. Volumes and weights are provided by size and condition class based on the planar transect method of estimating understory fuel loads (Brown 1971). Means and standard errors are reported from 3 transects in each forest x condition class. There is one comma-delimited data file (.csv) with this data set. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products.

CD05_Micromet_1169

This data set reports soil moisture expressed as volumetric water content (VWC), daily precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, and dew point measurements conducted at the Seca Floresta site, km 67, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil. The measurements were part of the Rainfall Exclusion Experiment (REE) established to study the response of a humid Amazonian forest to severe drought. VWC was measured with continuous high-resolution frequency-domain reflectometry to 11-m depth in two 1-ha plots from 1999 to 2007. One plot was subjected to ~75 percent throughfall exclusion during the rainy season (exclusion) and another monitored under normal conditions (control). Daily precipitation was measured in the control plot and in a nearby clearing between 1999 and 2006 using wedge rain gauges. Air temperature, relative humidity, and dew point were measured along the vertical forest profile of the control and dry plots of the site between 2000 and 2003. There are three comma-delimited data files (.csv) with this data set.

CD05_REE_Fuel_Sticks_Moisture_1232

This data set contains moisture content measurements for fuel sticks located in the forest understory of the rainfall exclusion experimental site, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. The mean and standard errors are reported for control and treatment plot measurements. The measurements were taken on various dates and times of day between 1998 and 2000 during the dry season. The rainfall exclusion treatment began in late January 2000 and continued through December 2004. About 60% of throughfall (equivalent to approximately half the rainfall) was diverted from a 1-hectare plot (i.e., dry) using plastic panels installed in the understory. The comparable 1-hectare control plot (i.e., wet) was unaltered. The purpose was to observe the potential effects of severe water stress on a humid Amazonian forest (Nepstad et al., 2002). There is one comma-separated (.csv) data file with this data set.

CD06_Camrex_1086

This data set provides high-resolution (~500 m) gridded land and stream drainage direction maps for the Amazon River basin, excluding the Rio Tocantins basin. These maps are the result of a new topography-independent analysis method (Mayorga et al., 2005) using the vector river network from the Digital Chart of the World (DCW, Danko, 1992) to create a high-resolution flow direction map. The data products include (1) a stream network coverage with stream order assigned to each reach; (2) the basin boundaries of the major tributaries to the Amazon mainstem; (3) the mouths; and (4) the source points of these tributaries. There are 7 ESRI ArcGIS shapefiles provided in compressed .zip format and 4 GeoTiff image files with this data set.

CD06_BGC_JiParana_1227

This data set provides spatially extensive and temporally intensive surveys of the river biogeochemistry of the Ji-Parana River Basin in Western Amazonia, Rondonia, Brazil. The concentrations of major nutrient ions, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity were measured in Ji-Parana River and tributary samples at the defined seasonal or monthly intervals. Dominant landuse/landcover classes, slope, and soil cation exchange capacity are included for each of the extensive sampling locations derived from river basin and sub-basin characteristics. Water samples were collected from 1999 to 2003 along the main stem of the Ji-Parana River as well as from the major tributaries including the Urupa. Shapefiles with the boundaries of the major sub-basins of the study area as well as the location of the sample collection points are included for the intensive and extensive sampling campaigns as well as the Urupa River campaign. There are six comma-separated data files (.csv) and five compressed shapefiles (.zip) with this data set.

CD06_Carbon_respiration_1125

This data set provides measured and calculated variables describing the carbon pools in river waters, CO2 respired from the water and total amount of CO2 evaded, dissolved oxygen isotopes (delta 18O-O2), and concentration of bacterial cells in river water. Samples were collected from 10 white-water rivers, two clear-water streams (one each in Amazonas and Acre), and two black-water rivers in Amazonas from July to September 2005, which coincided with a severe drought in the western and southern regions of the Amazon Basin (Zeng et al. 2008). Eight of these sites were resampled during August through September 2006 of the following year (no drought).

CD06_C02_Exchange_1136

This data set provides measurements of carbon dioxide flux rates (FCO2), gas transfer velocity (k), and partial pressures (pCO2) at 75 sites on rivers and streams of the Amazon River system in South America for the period beginning July 1, 2004, and ending January 23, 2007. Several fieldwork campaigns occurred between June 2004 and January 2007 in the Amazon River basin, with discharge conditions ranging from low to high flow. The sampled areas span the spectrum of chemical characteristics observed across the entire basin, including, for example, both low and high pH values and suspended sediment loads. There is one comma-delimited data file in this data set.

CD06_Outgassing_1151

This data set provides estimates of monthly carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from the Amazon mainstem rivers, tributary stream networks, and their associated varzeas (floodplains). CO2 flux was calculated using two aggregation approaches: for defined river basins (data file #2) and for defined river reaches (figure 2). Flux was calculated from (1) estimated surface water area by month for the Amazon mainstem rivers, associated varzeas, and tributary stream networks, (2) mean daily partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) concentrations for the mainstem rivers, and (3) calculated mean pCO2 values for the varzea waters. Mean monthly discharge data for 11 mainstem rivers are also included. There are five comma-delimited data files with this data set. Amazon mainstem is a region covering the Amazon/Solimoes River mainstem from 70 degrees W to 54 degrees W. Data from the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) L-band synthetic aperture radar were used to estimate the areal coverage and inundation status of rivers and floodplains over 100 m in width and compiled into mosaics for periods of high and low water. For each mosaic, the study area was classified into either flooded or non-flooded areas. Data for the seasonal and spatial distributions of pCO2 within each hydrographic region were utilized from over 1,800 samples taken on 13 Carbon in the Amazon River Experiment (CAMREX) expeditions at different water stages throughout a 2,000 km reach of the central Amazon mainstem, tributary, and floodplain waters (Degens et al., 1991, Devol et al., 1995, Richey et al., 1988).

CD06_C_Isotopes_1120

This data set includes measurements of standard geochemical variables, dissolved CO2, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), fine particulate organic carbon (FPOC), and coarse particulate organic carbon (CPOC) in samples taken from 60 Amazonian river locations across the Amazon Basin from 1991 to 2003 (Mayorga et al., 2005). The 14C and 13C isotopic composition of DIC was measured on samples collected between 1991 and 2003. The 14C composition of organic carbon fractions was measured on samples collected from 1995 through 1996. There are four comma-delimited data files with this data set. Note that site descriptions include a categorization of each site by topography according to the percentage of the drainage area above 1,000 m elevation (Mayorga et al., 2005). Only means of geochemical and carbon-fraction results are provided. Both individual 13C and 14C measurements and mean results are provided.

CD06_LULC_Map_JiParana_1087

This data set provides a land use/land cover map of the Ji-Parana River Basin in the state of Rondonia, Brazil produced from the digital classification of eight Landsat 7-ETM+ scenes from 1999 acquired from the Tropical Rain Forest Information Center (TRFIC) at Michigan State University. Nine land cover classes covering the Ji-Parana Basin were identified. There is one GeoTiff file with this data set.

CD06_Landuse_Timeseries_JiParana_844

This data set contains four land use/land cover maps (1986, 1992, 1996 and 2001) for the Ji-Parana River Basin, derived from the digital classification of 8 Landsat images obtained from The Tropical Rain Forest Information Center (TRFIC).

CD06_Physical_Template_JiParana_1090

This data set contains physical, hydrologic, political, demographic, and societal maps for the Ji-Parana River Basin, in the state of Rondonia, Brazil. These data were used as base information in subsequent investigations of land use/land cover, biogeochemistry, soils, and water balance processes (Ballester et al., 2003). This data set includes a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), river networks and morphometric characteristics of the region (derived from the DEM), and a number of social and demographic vector sets (roads as of 2001, county borders, population change from 1970-2000, and settlement projects). The DEM is provided in GeoTIFF format. Other files are provided as shapefiles.

CD06_Soils_JiParana_1088

This data set provides a digital map of soil orders for the Ji-Parana River Basin, in the state of Rondonia, Brazil (Western Amazonia). Soil orders were manually digitized from a 1:500,000 map from EMBRAPA originally published in 1983. Oxisols and Ultisols are the predominant soil types in the basin, encompassing 47% and 24% of the total drainage area, respectively. Entisols cover 14%, Alfisols 13% and Eptisols 2% of the basin (Ballester et al., 2003). One data file is provided in ESRI ArcGIS Shapefile format compressed into a single zip file (.zip).

CD06_Water_Balance_JiParana_1132

This data set provides simulated minimum, average, and maximum monthly rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, water deficit, and water surplus values for the Ji-Parana River basin, Rondonia, Brazil. The Thornthwaite-??Mather climatological model integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to derive the data by utilizing Advanced Very High Resolution Radar (AVHRR) images for temperatures, rainfall amounts from gauges within and around the basin, soil profiles, and land cover maps as model inputs. The monthly water balance for the Ji-Parana river basin is simulated from February 1995 through December 1996 (Victoria et al., 2007). Data are also provided from the Ji-Parana subbasin stations for total basin rainfall, basin discharge and basin evapotranspiration. This data was used to check the results of the water balance model. There are 2 comma-delimited data files with this data set.

CD07_GOES_L3_Gridded_SRB_831

High resolution downwelling solar, PAR, infrared radiation and rain rates retrieved from GOES-8 imager. The data set covers primarily Amazon watershed area. It has 8km and half hourly resolution. Data covers two periods in 1999: March 1 - April 30 and September 1 - October 31. Files are available in compressed binary format.

CD08_C_Isotopes_Belowground_1025

This data set contains carbon isotope signatures from soil organic matter collected from the following sites: the forests of the ZF-2 INPA reserve approximately 80 km north of the city of Manaus, Amazon; the Tapajos National Forest approximately 83 km south of the city of Santarem, Para; and the Fazenda Vitoria, a ranch near the city of Paragominas, Para. Samples from the Fazenda Vitoria were from degraded and managed pasture sites as well as mature and secondary forests. In addition,carbon isotope signatures from roots sorted by size class, hand-picked from soil pits in the Flona Tapajos and Fazenda Vitoria, are included, as are carbon isotope signatures from soil gases from samples collected at the Fazenda Vitoria. There are 4 ASCII data files with this data set.

CD08_CWD_Res_and_Decomp_Manaus_911

Respiration from coarse litter (trunks and large branches > 10 cm diameter) was studied in central Amazon forests. Respiration rates varied over almost two orders of magnitude (1.003-0.014 mug C g(-1) C min(-1), n = 61), and were significantly correlated with wood density (r(adj)(2) = 0.42), and moisture content (r(adj)(2) = 0.39). Additional samples taken from a nearby pasture indicated that wood moisture content was the most important factor controlling respiration rates across sites (r(adj)(2) = 0.65). Based on average coarse litter wood density and moisture content, the mean long-term carbon loss rate due to respiration was estimated to be 0.13 yr(-1) (range of 95% prediction interval (PI) = 0.11-0.15 yr(-1)). Comparing mean respiration rate with mean mass loss (decomposition) rate from a previous study, respiratory emissions to the atmosphere from coarse litter were predicted to be 76% (95% PI = 65-88%) of total carbon loss, or about 1.9 (95% PI = 1.6-2.2) Mg C ha(- 1) yr(-) (1). Optimum respiration activity corresponded to about 2.5 g H2O g(-1) dry wood, and severely restricted respiration to < 0.5 g H2O g(-1) dry wood. Respiration from coarse litter in central Amazon forests is comparable in magnitude to decomposing fine surface litter (e.g. leaves, twigs) and is an important carbon cycling component when characterizing heterotrophic respiration budgets and net ecosystem exchange (NEE).

CD08_Leaf_Isotopes_Manaus_1245

This data set provides measurements for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), leaf area index (LAI), and carbon isotope ratio data (13C and 14C) of leaves sampled at the Manaus ZF2 Jacaranda transect area, Amazonas, Brazil, in 2001. Leaf tips and the petioles from the youngest and oldest leaves from a sampled branch were analyzed for nine different species. There is one comma-delimited data file (.csv) with this data set.

CD08_Radiocarbon_Dates_Manaus_996

This data set reports the ages and growth rates of trees as determined by radiocarbon dating (14C), selected from a logging operation near the city of Itacoatiara, about 250 km east of Manaus, Brazil in 1997. Samples were collected from forty-four trees from 15 species with a basal diameter greater than 100 cm and prepared for radiocarbon dating by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. There is one comma-separated ASCII data file with this data set.

CD08_Radiocarbon_Dates_997

This data set reports the ages and growth rates of trees determined by radiocarbon dating (14C) in three Amazonia forests. Tree samples were collected from permanent research plots at ZF2 km 34, Manaus, Amazonas, the Catuaba Experimental Farm, Acre, and the km 83 tower site (logged forest site) in the Tapajos National Forest, Para, between 2001-2003. Samples from 97 individual trees were either tree cores (Manaus and Acre) or a combination of tree cores and slabs cut from stems as part of the logging in the Tapajos National Forest (Para). Radiocarbon dating (14C) was used to determine the age and the mean diameter growth increment of samples from individual trees in various diameter size classes. These measurements can be used to verify and extend short-term diameter increment measurements done with dendrometers and to constrain models of tree demography. There is one comma-separated ASCII data file with this data set.

CD08_Tree_Growth_Manaus_1194

This data set provides diameter at breast height (DBH) measurements made of trees in a dense terra-firme tropical moist forest at the ZF-2 Experimental Station, 90 km north of Manaus, Brazil. DBH was measured over two transects (East to West and North to South) which were established in 1996 by the Jacaranda Project (agreement between the National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA). For each tree, a metal dendrometer band was fixed to the trunk and growth in circumference was measured monthly with digital calipers. The transects measured 20-m x 2500-m, and were stratified by plateau, slope, and baixio (lowland areas near small streams). Topography location, distance along the transect, height at which the band was installed, local tree name, and field notes are also provided in the data files. Measurements were taken between June 1999 and December 2001.

CD08_Tree_Inventory_Ducke_910

This data set includes in one data file the common names, base diameters, and calculated tree masses for almost 3,000 trees on a 5 hectare plot (20 x 2,500 m) located in the Ducke Reserve near Manaus, Brazil in the central Amazon. Measurements were taken during October-December 1999. All diameter measurements were taken at 1.3 meters in height (DBH), or above the buttresses or other stem anomalies. Forest structure characteristics such as biomass density, stem density, diameter class distribution, and taxonomic information at the family and perhaps genus level, can be derived from these data.

CD08_Ecosystem_Resp_Manaus_912

Understanding how tropical forest carbon balance will respond to global change requires knowledge of individual heterotrophic and autotrophic respiratory sources, together with factors that control respiratory variability. We measured leaf, live wood (tree stem), and soil respiration, along with additional environmental factors over a 1-yr period in a Central Amazon terra firme forest. Scaling these fluxes to the ecosystem, and combining our data with results from other studies, we estimated an average total ecosystem respiration (R-eco) of 7.8 mumol(.)m(-2.)s(-1). Average estimates (per unit ground area) for leaf, wood, soil, total heterotrophic, and total autotrophic respiration were 2.6, 1.1, 3.2, 5.6, and 2.2 mumol(.)m(-2.)s(-1), respectively. Comparing autotrophic respiration with net primary production (NPP) estimates indicated that only similar to30% of carbon assimilated in photosynthesis was used to construct new tissues, with the remaining 70% being respired back to the atmosphere as autotrophic respiration. This low ecosystem carbon use efficiency (CUE) differs considerably from the relatively constant CUE of similar to0.5 found for temperate forests. Our R-eco estimate was comparable to the above-canopy flux (F-ac) from eddy covariance during defined sustained high turbulence conditions (when presumably F-ac = R-eco) of 8.4 (95% CI = 7.59.4). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that similar to50% of the nighttime variability in Fa, was accounted for by friction velocity (u*, a measure of turbulence) variables. After accounting for u* variability, mean F-ac varied significantly with seasonal and daily changes in precipitation. A seasonal increase in precipitation resulted in a decrease in F-ac similar to our soil respiration response to moisture. The effect of daily changes in precipitation was complex: precipitation after a dry period resulted in a large increase in F-ac whereas additional precipitation after a rainy period had little effect. This response was similar to that of surface litter (coarse and fine), where respiration is greatly reduced when moisture is limiting, but increases markedly and quickly saturates with an increase in moisture.

CD09_Soils_Veg_Tapajos_1104

This data set reports the results of soil and vegetation surveys at four distinct areas within the Tapajos National Forest (TNF), 50 to 100 km south of Santarem, Para, Brazil, in November 1999. At 13 individual sites across the four areas, all located in primary forest, core soil samples at 10, 30 and 50 cm depths were collected and analyzed for dry mass, bulk density, texture, percentage carbon (C), percentage organic matter, and percentage nitrogen (N). At these 13 sites, vegetation was characterized for 250 m long by 10 m wide transects. Biomass was estimated for all stems over 10 cm DBH from allometric relationships for species, measured height, canopy dimension, and diameter. LAI was measured along the transect at 26 points with a LICOR LAI-2000. Canopy foliage samples were collected with a shotgun at dawn and leaf water potential was determined with a pressure chamber. Samples of foliage, wood, bark, fine roots, and litter were analyzed for %N, % C, delta 13C, and delta 15N. There are five comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

CD10_CO_Tapajos_856

This data set contains half-hourly average CO mixing ratios measured from 2001/04/18 to 2003/08/29 in the old-growth upland forest at the Para Western (Santarem) - km 67, Primary Forest Tower Site. This site is in the Tapajos National Forest located in north central Brazil.CO concentrations were measured in air drawn from above the canopy top of tower (approx. 64 meters) using a TEI 48CTL instrument modified for increased stability and sensitivity. The sensor was frequently zeroed by passing ambient air over a CO oxidation catalyst. The span was checked 4 times daily by sampling calibration gases at 100 and 500 ppb. Time in the file is given in UTC (decimal date) at the start of each half hour interval.Associated meteorological parameters, CO2 concentrations and micrometerological fluxes are available in LBA-ECO CD-10 CO2 and H2O Eddy Flux Data at km 67 Tower Site, Tapajos National Forest.

CD10_CO_CO2_Maxaranguape_1012

This data set reports the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), wind direction, wind speed, and air temperature measured at the Maxaranguape Atmospheric Observatory in northeast Brazil, January 4, 2003 - December 27, 2006. The data are 30-minute averages. The concentrations observed at Maxaranguape are representative of upstream atmospheric boundary conditions for the Amazon basin and could be used in conjunction with Santarem data and other data sets to estimate regional budgets for these gasses (Kirchhoff et al., 2003). There is one comma-delimited ASCII text file with this data set.

CD10_EddyFlux_Tapajos_860

This data set reports eddy flux measurements of CO2 and H2O exchange and associated meteorological measurements at the Para Western (Santarem) - km 67, Primary Forest Tower Site. This site is in the Tapajos National Forest located in north central Brazil. Measurements extend from January 2002 through January 2006.Eddy fluxes of CO2 and H2O were measured at two levels (58m and 47m) using tower-mounted closed-path Licor 6262 gas analyzers and Campbell CSAT3 sonic anemometers (Figure 1). Eddy-flux measurements were made at a sampling rate of 8 Hz and averaged over a 1 hour interval.. A comprehensive set of meteorological parameters (air temperature, pressure, PAR, net radiation, precipitation, etc) were also measured.Co-located measurements included a third Licor gas analyzer that measured (a) the CO2 and H2O concentration profiles at 8 levels in and above the canopy (1 level every 2 minutes) and (b) the instantaneous integrated canopy storage of CO2 and H2O, using a design that pulled air simultaneously through all 8 inlets (once every 20 minutes). See related data sets.With the permission of the author, Hutyra, L.R. 2007. Carbon and water exchange in Amazonian rainforests. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts., is included as a companion file.

CD10_CO2_Profiles_Tapajos_855

Eddy fluxes of CO2 and H2O are measured at two levels (58m and 47m) using tower-mounted closed-path Licor 6262 analyzers and Campbell CSAT3 sonic anemometers. A third Licor gas analyzer measures (a) the CO2/H2O concentration profile (1 of 8 levels every 2 minutes) and (b) the instantaneous integrated canopy storage of CO2/H2O, using a design pulling air simultaneously through 8 inlets (once every 20 minutes). Comprehensive meteorological data (air temperature, PAR, net radiation, etc) are also included. Pressure and temperature of the Licor cells are controlled to 500 torr and 48 degrees C. Eddy licors are automatically zeroed every 2 hours and the profile licor every 20 minutes. All Licors are automatically calibrated with span gases (at 325, 400, and 475 ppm) every 6 hours.

CD10_CWD_Tapajos_858

This data sets reports properties of fallen course woody debris in an old-growth upland forest at the Para Western (Santarem) - km 67, Primary Forest Tower Site. This site is in the Tapajos National Forest located in north central Brazil. Measurements extend from April 2001 through July 2001.Standing and Fallen coarse woody debris (CWD), or necromass were measured in a series of ecological plots at the km 67 eddy flux tower site in the Tapajos National Forest (Figure 2). The data set includes different size classes of debris measured in different plot sizes. Size classes were: 2-10cm (in 64 m2 subplots) , 10-30cm (in 1600 m2 subplots), 30cm (in 38400 m2 subplots), standing (in entire 50m by 1000m transects).

CD10_Litter_Tapajos_862

This data set reports litter type and mass in the old-growth upland forest at the Para Western (Santarem) - km 67, Primary Forest Tower Site. This site is in the Tapajos National Forest located in north central Brazil. Measurements extend from July 2000 through June 2005.Litter collection began in July 2000 using 40 circular, mesh screen traps (0.43 m diameter, 0.156 m2) randomly located throughout the 19.75-ha tree-survey area (Rice et al., 2004). Approximately every 14 days, litter was collected, sorted, oven dried at 60 degrees C, and weighed. The litterfall from each trap was sorted into (1) leaves, (2) fruits and flowers, (3) wood , <2 cm diameter, and (4) miscellaneous. Data values reported are the mean and standard error of the 40 mass measurements of each of the litter components and the combined total, that have been converted to the reporting units of Mg/ha/yr.

CD10_Biometry_Tapajos_854

This data sets reports biometry measurements of the old-growth upland forest at the Para¡ Western (Santarrem)km 67, Primary Forest Tower Site. This site is in the Tapajos National Forest located in north central Brazil. Measurements extend from July 1999 through March 2005.To monitor tree woody increment, metal dendrometer bands (Figure 1) were placed on a sub-sample of 1000 trees in December 1999. The data set contains estimates of tree diameter at breast height (cm) based on caliper measurements made approximately every six weeks. The first column of data refers to the tree identification number. For a more detailed description of the biometry study refer to Rice et al. 2004.The data file contains a time series of DBH (cm) values from July 1999 through March 2005.

CD10_H2O_Profiles_Tapajos_861

This data set reports vertical profiles of H2O vapor concentrations measured at the Para Western (Santarem) - km 67, Primary Forest Tower Site (Figure 1). This site is in the Tapajos National Forest located in north central Brazil. Measurements extend from January 2002 through January 2006.H2O concentrations were measured at 8 levels on the tower (62.2, 50, 39.4, 28.7, 19.6, 10.4, and 0.91 m). Sample air was drawn at 1000 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute) through 8 profile inlets in sequence (2 minutes at each level) and then a mixed air sample was simultaneously drawn from all 8 levels to obtain a total column integral (once every 20 minutes) and analyzed with an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA, LI-6262, Licor, Lincoln, NE). Data were averaged over a 1 hour interval. Calibration for H2O used two independent calibrations for the IRGA concentration measurements: (a) the nighttime relationship between ambient temperature measurements and sonic temperature measurements; (b) a chilled mirror dew point hygrometer mounted on the tower. See Appendix A of Hutyra (2007) for addition details about calibration methods. Co-located measurements included eddy fluxes of CO2 and H2O were measured at two levels (58m and 47m) using tower-mounted closed-path Licor 6262 gas analyzers and Campbell CSAT3 sonic anemometers. And a comprehensive set of meteorological parameters (air temperature, pressure, PAR, net radiation, precipitation, etc) were also measured. With the permission of the author, Hutyra, L.R. 2007. Carbon and water exchange in Amazonian rainforests. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts., is included as a companion file.

CD10_Temperature_Profiles_Tapajos_863

This data set reports temperature measurements at the Para Western (Santarem) - km 67, Primary Forest Tower Site. This site is in the Tapajos National Forest located in north central Brazil. Measurements extend from January 2002 through January 2006 (Figure 1).Air temperature measurements were collected at 8 levels on the tower (61.9, 49.8, 39.1, 28.4, 18.3, 10.1, 2.8, and 0.6 m). Temperature measurements were made with aspirated thermistors (Met One 076B-4 aspiration with YSI 44032 thermistors) and averaged over a 1 hour interval.Co-located measurements included a Licor gas analyzer that measured (a) the CO2 and H2O concentration profiles at 8 levels in and above the canopy (1 level every 2 minutes), (b) the instantaneous integrated canopy storage of CO2 and H2O, using a design that pulled air simultaneously through all 8 inlets (once every 20 minutes), and (c) eddy fluxes of CO2 and H2O were measured at two levels (58m and 47m) using tower-mounted closed-path Licor 6262 gas analyzers and Campbell CSAT3 sonic anemometers. A comprehensive set of meteorological parameters (air pressure, PAR, net radiation, precipitation, etc) were also measured. See related data sets.With the permission of the author, Hutyra, L.R. 2007. Carbon and water exchange in Amazonian rainforests. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts., is included as a companion file.

CD10_DBH_Tapajos_859

This data sets reports diameter at breast height (DBH) measurements in the old-growth upland forest at the Para Western (Santarem) - km 67, Primary Forest Tower Site. This site is in the Tapajos National Forest located in north central Brazil. Measurements were made periodically from July 1999 through August 2005.Trees with DBH >35cm were measured for ~2600 trees in four 5ha transects. Trees >10cm were measured in a smaller area (Rice et al., 2004). Measurements were made in 1999, 2001, and 2005. Trees are identified by local common names. A cross reference to scientific names is provided as a companion file.Coarse woody debris and litter samples and measurements were collected same area. See related data sets.

CD11_Forest_Degradation_1118

This data set reports the results of vegetation field surveys that measured tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) in defined size classes at three study sites -- Santarem, Para; Paragominas, Para; and Alo Brasil, Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2001-2003. At each site, plots and transects within plots, were defined that represented different types of logging and fire treatments, each including one primary forest plot used as a control. Along each transect all trees with more than 30 cm DBH were measured. Dead standing trees were also measured and classified in three classes of decomposition. A 4 m wide transect was used to measure individuals between 10 and 30 cm DBH. Six small subplots were set along each transect to measure regeneration individuals from 2-10 cm DBH and 0-2 cm DBH. DBH is also provided for stumps found in each of the logged forest plots. There are ten comma-delimited data files with this data set.

CD15_Productivity_1167

This data set provides mean leaf area index (LAI), dendrometry band measurements, and litterfall mass from samples collected at the km 67 research site, Topajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. Litterfall collections were from January 23, 2004 through December 3, 2004, dendrometer measurements were monthly between December 2003 and December 2004, and LAI measurements were collected from January 26, 2004 through November 3, 2004. All measurements were taken at the km 67 site in the Tapajos National Forest. This site is situated in an area of Amazonian primary tropical forest belonging to the municipality of Belterra, Para, Brazil. The forest is mostly evergreen with a few deciduous species. The canopy is characterized by large emergent trees up to 55-m tall, with a closed canopy at approximately 40-m; there are few indications of recent anthropogenic disturbance other than hunting trails. Measurement plots (50) were established along 4 transects at the site and within each plot, 5 subplots were established. The longest transect (25 m x 500 m) was the location of 20 (25 m x 25 m) plots. The other 3 transects (25 m x 250 m) contain 10 plots per transect. Note that the assignment of plots to transects is not provided. There are four comma-delimited data files (.csv) with this data set.

CD17_Forest_Survey_1254

This data set provides measurements for diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, distance from tree stems to the furthest canopy element, and a species survey of secondary forests in Para and Rondonia, Brazil, from 2002-2003. The forest areas were defined as Type A and Type B stands. Measurements were made in the overstory, understory, and midstory of each stand. Type A stands were sampled intensively, with the goal of providing high-fidelity spatial information about the 3-dimensional structure of the stand. These stands were 60 x 60-m (0.36-ha) areas divided into 10 x 10-m grids of uniform clearing and abandonment history and were identifiable from Landsat images. Type B stands were sampled extensively, with the goal of providing unbiased estimates of biomass, along with some information about the vertical structure of the stand and of spatial variability. These stands were polygons of uniform clearing and afforestation history based on multitemporal Landsat imagery, and varied in size and shape. The Landsat files provide classified land cover for each scene and can be used as a time series to evaluate land cover change over time. Each file is a geolocated land cover map based on 30-m Landsat data. NOTE: There were additional files which could not be archived due to file problems. Data Quality Statement: The Data Center has determined that this data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation resulting in diminished usability of this product. Known Problems: Some unresolved issues remain where data values are inconsistent with the variable descriptions provided with the data set. The site identification and plot identification values are not consistently used in all three data files. The variables are not adequately described.

CD32_Fluxes_Brazil_1842

This dataset is a compilation of carbon and energy eddy covariance flux, meteorology, radiation, canopy temperature, humidity, CO2 profiles and soil moisture and temperature profile data that were collected at nine towers across the Brazilian Amazon. Independent investigators provided the data from a variety of flux tower projects over the period 1999 thru 2006. This is Version 2 of the tower data compilation, where the data have been harmonized across projects, additional quality control checks were performed, and have been aggregated to hourly, daily, 16-day, and monthly timesteps. This integrated dataset is intended to facilitate integrative studies and data-model synthesis from a common reference point.

CD32_LBA_MIP_Drivers_1177

The source meteorological observations for the forcing data, from the nine Brazilian flux towers, were recently published as Saleska, et al. (2013). See related data sets. These source data were gap-filled according to the LBA-MIP standard protocol. Note that the CAX forest tower was not included in the MIP. See the companion file driver_data.pdf for additional gap-filling information. There are 34 data products with this data set and they are provided in both text (.txt) and ALMA-compliant NetCDF (.nc) formats. The files have been compressed into nine .zip files according to site.

CD34_Amazon_Hyperion_1064

This data set contains 20 multispectral surface reflectance images collected by the EO-1 satellite Hyperion sensor at 30-m resolution and covering the entire Amazon Basin for 2002 - 2005. All images were converted to GeoTiff format for distribution. The respective ENVI .hdr files are included as companion files and contain image projection and band information. The selected multispectral images were processed using ENVI software as described in Chambers et al. (2009). Bands with uncalibrated wavelengths and those with low spectral response were removed leaving a spectral subset of generally 196 bands (some images have fewer). A cloud mask was developed using 2-d scatter plots of variable reflectance bands to highlight clouds as regions of interest (ROIs), allowing clouds and cloud edges to be masked. A de-streaking algorithm was then applied to the image to reduce variance in balance between the vertical columns. Apparent surface reflectance was calculated for this balanced image using the atmospheric correction algorithm ACORN in 1.5pb mode (AIG-LLC, Boulder, CO). The images (18 of the 20) were georeferenced using the corresponding Advanced Land Imager (ALI) satellite images.

CD34_Amazon_Landsat_1176

This data set provides the results of fractional land cover analysis for nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV) from two Landsat images of Manaus, Brazil, for October 14, 2004, and for July 29, 2005. Both images are from Landsat 5, path 231, row 62. The Manauas area experienced a squall line with intense downbursts from January 16-18, 2005, that resulted in widespread blowdown and tree mortality. The pre- and post-disturbance Landsat images were obtained and processed using spectral mixture analysis (SMA) in order to investigate forest disturbance and tree mortatility resulting from the downburst. SMA was based on scene-derived end-members of green vegetation (GV, photosynthetically active vegetation), NPV ( wood, dead vegetation, and surface litter), soil, and shade obtained using a pixel purity index (PPI) algorithm (Negron-Juarez et al., 2010). Changes in NPV due to disturbance were calculated by subtracting the 2004 NPV image from the 2005 NPV image. This NPV difference image is provided. There are three image files (.tif) with this data set: The two Landsat images that were georectified and converted to reflectance values and the NPV difference image. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products. KNOWN PROBLEMS: Four additional images were needed to make this data set complete but are unavailable. Specifically, the two images resulting from SMA as applied to the Landsat images collected on the 14th of October, 2004 and the 29th of July, 2005 to determine per-pixel fractional abundance of GV, NPV (wood, dead vegetation, and surface litter), soil, and shade and the 2004 NPV and 2005 NPV images that were used to derive the ??NPV changes? image (which we do provide) (Negron-Juarez, et al., 2010).

CD36_SALDAS_1162

This data set provides South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS) forcing data including atmospheric fields necessary for land surface modeling for South America which are derived by combining modeled and observation based sources. The forcing data cover the entire continent of South America at 0.125 degree resolution and are built around the model-calculated values of air temperature, wind speed and specific humidity at two meters, surface pressure, downward shortwave and longwave surface radiation, and precipitation from the South American Regional Reanalysis (SARR). These SARR data (Aravequia et al. 2007), which were released in 2006 by INPE/CPTEC, are a medium-term, dynamically consistent, high-resolution (0.125 degree), high-frequency, atmospheric dataset covering South America. The forcing data are available at a 3-hourly time step for a 5-year period from 2000 to 2004. There are 60 monthly .zip files with each zipped file containing ~240 3-hourly time step data files for that particular month in NetCDF format. Each zipped file is approximately one GB in size.

CD37_Biomass_Landsat_Glas_1145

This data set provides tree age, forest formation, and land cover classification maps, and estimates of landscape-level above-ground live woody biomass (AGLB) for secondary forests in Rondonia, Brazil. The Threshold Age Mapping Algorithm (TAMA) was applied to a densely spaced time series of Landsat images (1975 to 2003) to derive forest type and age classification maps. The AGLB of the secondary forest was estimated by combining the forest classification map with coincident biomass estimates from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). There are five raster images and three comma-delimited data files with this data set.

LC01_Cities_Communities_Roads_1058

This data set contains the boundaries of the four major cities in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, the locations of primary communities in the colonist settlement area, and the locations of the road network, circa 2002. This area in northeastern Ecuador, know as the northern Oriente of Ecuador, borders the Andes Mountains and contains the headwaters of the Amazon River. The road network was originally digitized from 1:50,000 scale topographic maps from 1990. The surface attributes for the majority of the roads have been updated based on later remote sensing and field observations from 1999 and 2002. There are three compressed (.zip) files with this data set.

LC01_Hydrography_Edaphology_NEC_1059

This data set provides map images of hydrographic, morphologic, and edaphic features for the northern Amazon Basin in eastern Ecuador. The hydrographic data are available at two scales based on the 1:50,000 and 1:250,000-scale topographic source maps that were generated in 1990 and 1993, respectively. Morphological and edaphological data were digitized from a 1:500,000 map published in 1983. There are 3 compressed (.zip) data files with this data set.

LC01_Landsat_1187

This data set contains a time series of early Landsat-4 MSS satellite imagery as well as Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ satellite imagery of the northern Ecuadorian Amazon. Some of the TM and ETM images have been georectified to UTM Zone 18 South, WGS84 Datum. Not all of the images have been georectified.

LC01_LULC_Classes_Ecuador_ISA_1084

This data set contains Landsat TM imagery for the years 1986, 1989, 1996, and 1999, that have been classified into four land use/land cover (LULC) classes: Forest, Non-Forest Vegetation, Urban/Barren, and Water; and a fifth class of Clouds/Shadows. The areas of interest were the four Intensive Study Areas (ISA) of the University of North Carolina's Carolina Population Center (CPC) Ecuador Projects: Eastern Intensive Study Area; Northern Intensive Study Area; Southern Intensive Study Area, and Southwestern Intensive Study Area. These areas are in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, in the area known as the northern Oriente of Ecuador. The resolution of the data is 30 meters. There are 12 image files (.tif) with this data set.

LC01_Boundaries_Ecuador_1057

This data set contains the national and provincial boundaries of Ecuador as well as the boundaries of two national parks: the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve and the Yasuni National Park. There are four data files in ESRI ARCGIS Shapefile format within this data set. Each shape file has been compressed into a single compressed file (.zip).

LC01_Households_NEC_1052

This data set reports summary statistics from socioeconomic and demographic surveys administered to the male and female heads of household on 767 farm plots. The surveys were performed in the provinces of Sucumbios and Napo/Orellana, in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon colonist settlements (Oriente) in 1999 (Pan and Bilsborrow, 2005). In addition, perception of, and opinions about local climate, soil quality, and environmental contamination were assessed for both the male and female heads of household. There are two comma-delimited (csv) ASCII data files. One file provides summary data from male respondents; the other data file provides summary responses from the female household survey (generally the spousal respondent). The original questionnaire forms are included as companion files (PDF format).

LC01_SRTM_DEM_90m_NEC_1083

This data set provides 90-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model data used in the University of North Carolina's Carolina Population Center (CPC) Ecuador Projects. The topographic data were derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) C-band and X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radars (IFSARs) data that were acquired over 80% of Earth's land mass in February 2000. This data set includes one image in GeoTiff format that is a subset for the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon region.

LC01_Topography_Ecuador_ISA_1082

This data set contains topographic/geomorphological data associated with the four Intensive Study Areas (ISAs) in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon (northern Oriente) that are part of the University of North Carolina's Carolina Population Center (CPC) Ecuador Projects study. Study area boundaries were developed directly from 1:50,000 topographical maps. Point elevation features and 20-meter elevation contours were digitized from these same maps. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were derived from these elevation data and, in turn, terrain aspect and terrain slope were derived from the digital elevation models. Only boundary data were provided for the southwestern ISA. These data are provided in ESRI shapefile format and GeoTiff. There are six compressed (.zip) data files with this data set.

LC02_PermPlot_Acre_1237

This data set provides diameter at breast height (DBH) measurements for 1,063 trees located at the Catuaba Experimental Farm, and 812 trees located in the Humaita Forest Reserve. Both sites are in the state of Acre, southwest Amazonia, Brazil. Measurements were made on individuals with DBH between 10 and 35 cm and individuals with DBH > 35 cm. The Catuaba Experimental Farm is part of a forest fragment of approximately 800 ha. The Humaita Forest Reserve is located in a 1,500-ha forest band with dominant bamboo characteristic. Ten-ha areas were inventoried at both sites. There is one data file in comma-delimited (.csv) format with this data set. There is also one companion data file with supplemental Catuaba site tree height and biomass data.

LC02_Meteorology_Acre_1091

This data set provides meteorological measurements collected from 3 different meteorological stations within a radius of 8 km in Rio Branco, Acre Brazil, for the periods of June of 1970 to 1974, December of 1974 to 1980, and May of 1980 thru May 31, 2001. Daily average values for rainfall, relative humidity, evapotranspiration, maximum and minimum temperature, pressure, wind direction and speed, solar radiation, and cloud cover are reported. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

LC02_Forest_Flammability_Acre_1089

This data set provides the results of controlled burns conducted to assess the flammability of mature forests on the Catuaba Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Acre - Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. Controlled burns were conducted in 1998, and the rate of fire spread was calculated based on the duration of the fire and the measured extent of the burned area. Environmental variables measured included type of forest, canopy openness, leaf area index, number of days without rainfall, precipitation, height of litter, litter humidity, brushwood humidity, amount of water in the ground, air temperature, and relative humidity. Results from 50 fires set in 1998 are reported. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set. These data are part of a larger study reported in the thesis by Elsa Renee Huamán Mendoza, Susceptibility of primary forest to fire in 1998 and 1999: A case study in Acre, south-eastern Amazonia, Brazil. The thesis, in Portuguese, is included as a companion file with this data set.

LC02_GOES8_Hotpixel_Acre_1092

This data set provides hot pixel data, as an indicator of fires that were detected by the GOES-8 satellite for the state of Acre, Brazil. Image data were collected for extended periods over the course of 3 years (1998, 2000 and 2001). Data were filtered to select only pixels identified and processed by the GOES-8 Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (ABBA), where estimates of sub-pixel fire characteristics including size and temperature were able to be determined. There are three comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

LC02_Water_Table_Acre_1062

This data set reports bi-weekly or monthly depth-to-water measurements for three wells located in a ~1,500 ha forest fragment on the Catuaba Experimental Farm, which is the property of the Federal University of Acre, Brazil. Data were collected between February 1999 and December 2004. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products. KNOWN PROBLEMS: The depth-to-water measurements for the three wells lack ground surface elevation reference points, therefore, the groundwater table elevation for the site cannot be determined. The depth-to-water measurements are of limited use unless paired with other site data for precipitation, tree growth, etc.

LC02_MAP_Fire_Indicators_1044

This data set provides hot pixel data, as an indicator of fires, that were detected by various satellites in the tri-national MAP region (Madre de Dios-Peru, Acre-Brazil, and Pando-Bolivia) in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006. Data from the following satellites/sensors were compiled: NOAA-12, NOAA-14, NOAA-15, and NOAA-16, which transports the AVHRR sensor; GOES-8 and GOES- 12, which transports the GOES Imager; and AQUA and TERRA, both which transport the MODIS sensor. These data were made available by the Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) via the internet (http://sigma.cptec.inpe.br/queimadas/). This data set contains 12 comma-delimited ASCII data files. Hot pixel data from satellites can be used as an indicator of fires and for the understanding of fire frequency in remote areas. The publication by Vasconcelos and Brown, 2007, which has been included as a companion file, describes the application of these data in the MAP region. In addition to the the hot pixel data, each observation has a derived vegetation type, susceptibility to fire, recent and past precipitation amounts, and a calculated fire risk value. These data are described in the Fire Risk Factor companion file, by Alberto W. Setzer and Raffi A. Sismanoglu, Version 5, February 2006.

LC02_Streams_Acre_1243

This data set provides coordinates for points at the mouth of tributaries of the Acre River in the Tri-national River Basin in South America. Three Global Positioning System (GPS) readings were made at the outlet of each tributary and the average of the three readings is reported. The Tri-national River Basin is located in the tri-national frontier region of Madre de Dios, Peru, Acre, Brazil, and Pando, Bolivia (known as the MAP region). The MAP region is approximately 300,000 km2. The Acre River flows through Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. Data on the basin drainage network from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was obtained as a source of information for the border areas. The GPS readings were part of an assessment of the reliability of the DEM/SRTM drainage network data (Maldonado and Brown, 2003). There is one data file in comma-delimited (.csv) format and one compamion file (.pdf) with this data set. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: This data set provides GPS coordinates only and is not associated with any additional measurements. There is no associated research documentation.

LC03_Hypsography_DEM_1094

This data set provides four related spatial data products for four study areas across the Brazilian Amazon: Manaus, Amazonas; Tapajos National Forest, Para Western (Santarem); Rio Branco, Acre; and Rondonia, Rondonia. Products include vector data showing (1) roads, (2) rivers, and (3) hypsography and (4) digital elevation model (DEM) images that were encoded from the hypsography vectors. There are 15 data files with this data set which includes 12 compressed .zip files containing ArcInfo shape files and 3 GeoTIFFS. This data set contains vector data showing roads, rivers, and hypsography for each study area in ESRI ArcGIS shapefile format. The vectors were hand-digitized by the Images Company in Brazil from paper maps produced by the Brazilian government. Depending on the scale of the original maps, the digitization errors vary. For some maps, some vectors are missing. Data were manually checked for duplicate or extra vectors. These data sets were derived from several map sheets produced from aerial coverages dating from 1974 to 1978. The DEM images were encoded from the hypsography vectors and are provided in GeoTIFF format. The attribute value associated with each line and point in the vector segment is encoded into the image channel; the image channel is then filled in by interpolating image data between encoded vector data. For each DEM: 1 image channel with pixel resolution = 25m x 25m. DEM images are provided for Manaus, Tapajos National Forest, and Rondonia. The files for Rio Branco were unusable due to a documentation error. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products. KNOWN PROBLEMS: The data providers note that due to limited resources, these data have been neither validated nor quality-assured for general use. For that reason, extreme caution is advised when considering the use of these data. - Any use of the derived data is not recommended because the results have not been validated. - However, the DEM, vectors, and orthorectified SAR data (related data set) can be used if the user understands how these were produced and accepts the limitations.

LC03_SAR_LC_Biomass_1093

This data set provides three related land cover products for four study areas across the Brazilian Amazon: Manaus, Amazonas; Tapajos National Forest, Para Western (Santarem); Rio Branco, Acre; and Rondonia, Rondonia. Products include (1) orthorectified JERS-1 and RadarSat images, (2) land cover classifications derived from the SAR data, and (3) biomass estimates in tons per hectare based on the land cover classification. There are 12 image files (.tif) with this data set. Orthorectified JERS-1 and RadarSat images are provided as GeoTIFF images - one file for each study area. For the Manaus and Tapajos sites: The images are orthorectified at 12.5-meter resolution and then re-sampled at 25-meter resolution. For the Rondonia and Rio Branco sites: The images from 1978 are orthorectified at 25-meter resolution and then re-sampled at 90-meter resolution. Each GeoTIFF file contains 3 image channels: - 2 L-band JERS-1 data in Fall and Spring seasons and - 1 C-band RadarSat data. Land cover classifications are based on two JERS-1 images and one RadarSat image and provided as GeoTIFFs - one file for each study area. Four major land cover classes are distinguished: (1) Flat surface; (2) Regrowth area; (3) Short vegetation; and (4) Tall vegetation. The biomass estimates in tons per hectare are based on the land cover classification results and are reported in one GeoTIFF file for each study area. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products. KNOWN PROBLEMS: The data providers note that due to limited resources, these data have been neither validated nor quality-assured for general use. For that reason, extreme caution is advised when considering the use of these data. Any use of the derived data is not recommended because the results have not been validated. However, the DEM and vectors (related data set), and orthorectified SAR data can be used if the user understands how these were produced and accepts the limitations.

LC04_IBIS_Model_1139

The provided data were generated by the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) terrestrial ecosystem model (Foley et al. 1996, Kucharik et al. 2000) using data from the CRU05 climate record for the years 1921-1998 (New et al. 2000). Data are included for the annual net ecosystem exchange of the surface, microbial respiration, root respiration, total soil respiration, soil moisture, leaf area index, drainage, and surface and subsurface runoff, for the entire Amazon and Tocantins basins. The data files are provided in netCDF format and standard ESRI ARCGIS ARC/INFO ASCIIGRID format. The netCDF files consist of either annual or monthly means from 1921 to 1998. The ASCII files are available only for the annual mean files.

LC04_Macrohydrology_1048

This data set provides continental-scale hydrological river flow routing parameter data for the Amazon and Tocantins River basins at 5 minute (~9 km) resolution (Costa et al., 2002). The data set includes four geospatial data files (in standard ESRI Arc/Info ASCII Grid format): (1) the river network (flow direction); (2) sinuosity of each of the main rivers, measured at 111 river sections in the basins; (3) depth to the water table; and (4) transmissivity of the aquifer. The latter two parameters were derived from measurements taken at 81 wells located throughout the basins. There is also a compressed file (.zip) which contains the time series of monthly mean river discharge and long-term climatology (monthly mean) for the period of record at each of 122 fluviometric stations located throughout the basin. These files are provided in ASCII common-separated (.csv) format. Also included in this data set are two data files in .csv format; one containing river discharge station location and drainage area information and one containing original well data.

LC04_Land_Use_5min_906

Amazonia has been under considerable development pressure as croplands and pasture are established in areas formerly occupied by tropical forest and cerrado. Although this region is an important part of several important planetary biogeochemical cycles, the location and impact of human land use are not well understood. In particular, there is no existing satellite-based map of agriculture across the Amazon or Tocantins river drainage basins. Recent efforts have classified land cover across this vast region, although they disagree on the location and amount of cropland and do not directly address pasture, a land use that has grown in importance in the last 2 decades. Here we present an analysis of land cover and land use practices over the Amazon and Tocantins basins of South America. In this study, we demonstrate how satellite imagery and agricultural censuses can be merged in order to provide a geographically explicit, fine- scale description of land cover and land use practices. The result depicts the fraction of each 5-min (9 x 9 km) grid cell that was devoted to agricultural activity during the mid-1990s. The resultant map retains many of the characteristics of the agricultural census data, but with a much finer spatial resolution. During the mid-1990s, cultivated area is estimated to have been 1.7 x 10(7) ha (2.5% of the basin), natural pasture is estimated at 3.3 x 10(7) ha (4.9% of the basin), and planted pasture is estimated to cover 3.3 x 10(7) ha (4.9% of the basin). Perhaps more important than the quantities, however, is that these data sets provide a new blend of ground- based and satellite-based spatially explicit data. This snapshot can be used as a basis to project either forward or backward in time, as a new check of finer scale land use classifications or as a driver of ecosystem models.

LC04_THMB-HYDRA_Model_1138

The model output data provided were generated by the THMB 1.2 (Terrestrial Hydrology Model with Biogeochemistry) model which simulates the flow of water through groundwater systems, rivers, lakes and wetlands. The model operates at a 5-minute latitude-by-longitude grid with a 1-hour time step and requires as boundary conditions: topography, evaporation from water surfaces, surface runoff, base flow, and precipitation. Data are included for the mean monthly simulated water height above flood stage, mean monthly simulated river discharge, and mean monthly inundated area for the period 1939-1998 for the entire Amazon and Tocantins River basins. There are three netCDF files (.nc) with this data set.

LC05_BDFF_Biomass_Soils_1040

This data set reports (1) total aboveground dry biomass based on detailed estimates of all live and dead plant material, (2) results from repeated surveys of aboveground biomass allowing the calculation of above-ground productivity, and (3) soil chemical and physical characteristics for 50 1-ha plots of undisturbed and fragmented central Amazonian rainforest within the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) study area. The reported data are plot-level summaries based on plant and soil samples and measurements obtained over the 1997 to 2001 timeframe. The BDFFP study area is an experimentally fragmented landscape spanning 1,000 km2 located 70-90 km north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. For additional information about the BDFFP and research conducted at the site, please visit their web site at http://pdbff.inpa.gov.br/index.html. There are six comma-separated ASCII data files with this data set.

LC07_Lake_Chlorophyll_MODIS_1000

This data set contains chlorophyll concentration maps of the Amazon River floodplain region from Parintins (Amazonas) to Almeirim (Para). These chlorophyll fraction maps were derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance product (MOD09) for 19 months from April 2002 to December 2003. The study was conducted in a floodplain reach upstream from Santarem, Para, in order to assess seasonal changes in phytoplanktonic chlorophyll-a distributions in the floodplain Lake Curuai. MODIS reflectance data were acquired at four river stages: rising (April), high (June), decreasing (September), and low (November). Chlorophyll maps were derived and used to compute the weighted average of chlorophyll concentration from MODIS images in the region. Field measurements of suspended inorganic matter and chlorophyll-a in Lake Curuai were made almost concurrently with satellite overpasses (Barbosa, 2005). The images and the estimated chlorophyll concentrations were compared to measured chlorophyll concentrations at control points for different hydrological states. This data set may be applied to better understand the seasonal dynamics of primary production of the Amazon floodplains. The maps of chlorophyll-a concentration may be used to model spatial and temporal variations of primary production in this region. The monthly chlorophyll-a maps are provided as GeoTIFF files. There are two formats: (1) color-mapped pixels and (2) pixels as chlorophyll-a concentrations. These latter images are not intended for browsing. These images have pixel values that are the chlorophyll-a concentration in mg/m3 and need to be download and opened in GIS software.

LC07_Biomass_LGrande_1127

This data set reports measurements of aquatic macrophyte biomass, phenology, leaf characteristics, and length and diameter of stems of both submerged and unsubmerged macrophytes. Data were collected from sites in the Monte Alegre Lake region on the eastern Amazon River floodplain in Para, Brazil. Ten field surveys were made at approximately monthly intervals from December 2003 to November 2004. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

LC07_Bathymetry_Curuai_999

The bathymetry data provided represent a continuous surface of interpolated point measurements of depth values of Lago Curuai, an Amazon River floodplain lake, upstream from Santarem, Para, Brazil, from measurements made in June of 2004. The first product contains the actual depth values (in meters) of the interpolated continuous surface saved as real numbers in both ENVI and GeoTIFF formats. Also available is a color scaled depth GeoTIFF image which has an embedded color scale bar. This secondary file is meant only for viewing but has the unique advantage of being a GeoTIFF file. Therefore, this map can be a background image with other projected files of interest in the area. Data provided in this data set were used to develop a methodology for processing and applying high resolution bathymetric data acquired with a Lowrance-480M ecosounder in the Amazon floodplain. This research was supported by the addition of Landast/TM images for planning and executing the survey. 4600 km of transects were processed semi-automatically and integrated into a georeferenced database. A digital elevation model with 15 m horizontal resolution and 1 cm vertical resolution was generated for the floodplain. The changes in inundated area and volume of water on the floodplain were estimated. Regression models were constructed to predict flood area and water stored volume from water level. The results of this research show that water level and flooded area mapped from images are good enough for estimating water stored volume in the Lago Grande de Curuai (Barbosa et al., 2006).

LC07_Wetlands_fluxes_1209

This data set provides estimates of daily and monthly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) diffusive and ebullitive flux for dry and flooded areas from two study sites, Cuini and Itu, in the interfluvial wetlands of the upper Negro River basin, Brazil. CO2 (ebullitive and diffusive) and CH4 diffusive flux measurements were made one day each month from February 2005 through January 2006 in both permanently and seasonally flooded areas. For the remaining days of each month, fluxes were calculated as the mean of the two measurements bracketing that time period, times the area flooded each day. Total site area, dry area, and seasonally varying flooded area estimates for the two wetlands were determined through analysis of synthetic aperture radar data from Radarsat images. From these estimates, the total flux of CO2 and CH4 for the sites was calculated. Values for CH4 ebullitive flux were determined from a constant for each area based on whether the water was rising or falling and the area flooded. Hydrologic measurements were taken from April 2004 through January, 2006. There are three comma-separated (.csv) data files with this data set.

LC07_Lake_Nutrient_Sediments_1050

This data set reports lake sediment texture and porosity, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content of surficial sediments, 210Pb-derived nutrient accumulation rates in sediments, and burial rates of C, N, and P in sediments at eleven locations in Lake Calado, Amazonas, Brazil. Field samples were collected between February 1982 and August 1984. There are eight comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

LC07_Reservoir_GHG_1143

This data set provides flux measurements of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from surface waters to the atmosphere. It also provides CH4, CO2, and oxygen (O2) concentrations of surface water, and concentrations measured at several depths of the Balbina Reservoir in the central Amazon Basin, Amazonas, Brazil. The Balbina Reservoir was formed by impounding the Uatuma River in 1987. Reservoir surface water samples, bottom water samples, and gas samples from static flux enclosures were collected at 10 to 14 sites at monthly intervals between April and November of 2005, and 6 times in February, 2006. Water samples to determine the vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved O2, CH4, and CO2 were collected during the rainy and dry seasons immediately above the dam between September 2004 and February 2006. Water samples were collected downstream from the dam from July 2004 - November 2005 for analysis of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. There are three comma-delimited data files with this data set.

LC07_Reservoir_Methane_Emissions_1047

This data set reports methane (CH4) fluxes at the water-air interface and concentrations and isotopic signals of CH4 in the bubbles stirred up from the sediment in Tucurui and Samuel reservoirs in 2000 and 2001. Tucurui (deep) reservoir is located near Belem city in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin in the eastern Amazon. Samuel (shallow) reservoir is situated near Porto Velho city in the Jamari River, a tributary of the Madeira River in the western Amazon. Field samples were collected between June 2000 and September 2001. There are two comma-delimited ASCII data files in this data set. This study was carried out to identify differences in methane cycling between deep and shallow reservoirs (Lima, 2005). Isotopic and concentration analyses of methane in bubbles, dissolved in the water column, and emitted to the atmosphere demonstrate that water depth is critical regarding methane emissions from hydroreservoirs in the Amazon. Methanotrophic activities are greater in Tucurui (deep) while light isotopic methane is directly released from Samuel (shallow). Therefore, the methanotrophic layer of the deep reservoir is more efficient in oxidizing methane before reaching the atmosphere, since the quantity of methane in the sediments of the reservoirs were equivalent.

LC07_SMMR_Inundated_Area_1051

This data set reports the monthly record of inundated area, in square km, for six floodplain and open water regions in South America. The following floodplains were analyzed: (1) mainstem Amazon River floodplain in Brazil; (2) Llanos de Mojos (Beni and Mamore rivers) in Bolivia; (3) Bananal Island (Araguaia River) in Brazil; (4) Roraima savannas (Branco and Rupununi rivers) in Brazil and Guyana; (5) Llanos del Orinoco (Apure and Meta rivers) in Venezuela and Colombia; and (6) Pantanal wetland (Paraguay River) in Brazil. Flooded area was estimated at monthly intervals from December 1978 through August 1987 for the Amazon mainstem region and from January 1979 through August 1987 for the other five regions. Inundated area was determined from SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) passive microwave data. Area estimates include permanent open water as well as land subject to seasonal inundation. This data set contains five data files: two comma-delimited (.csv) ASCII data files providing the monthly inundation area values for six floodplain and open water regions in South America; a compressed (.zip) file providing seventeen ESRI Shape files for the region bounding polygons; and two .csv files providing information about the region bounding polygons and latitude/longitude verticies.

LC07_Monthly_Inundated_Areas_1049

This data set reports monthly mean inundation areas (square kilometers) for four cover classes of Central Amazon wetlands habitat: Open water (OW), river channel (RC) class, macrophyte (MA) class, and a flooded forest (FF) class, which also incorporates a flooded shrub class. The full study area was a 1.77 million km2 quadrant covering the Central Amazon Basin. Inundation was also calculated from three subsets of this area: (1) covering only the Amazon/Solimoes River mainstem and (2) the Eastern and (3) the Western halves of this mainstem area. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file in this data set.

LC07_Spectroradiometry_1144

This data set includes bidirectional reflectance (BDR) spectra and water-quality data of floodplain lakes of the Solimoes and Negro Rivers in the central Amazon basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Samples and measurements were collected during July 2000 to August 2000. Bidirectional reflectance factors were recorded, at 3 nm intervals from 400 to 900 nm, concurrently with in situ measurements of water temperature and Secchi depth, and collection of samples for analysis of optically active components including total suspended solids, chlorophyll, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The lakes sampled were in the low-lying varzea of the Solimoes River ("varzea" is the local name for the floodplain formed by the overflow of white-water rivers) and igapo ("igapo" is the local name for the floodplain formed by the overflow of black-water rivers) of the Negro River. There are two comma-delimited data files with this data set.

LC07_Airborne_Rasters_1274

This data set includes high-resolution geocoded mosaics derived from the Validation Overflight for Amazon Mosaics (VOAM) aerial video surveys as part of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment in the Amazon. The VOAM flights were carried out in the wet-season (June) 1999 in the Brazilian Amazon to provide ground verification for mapping of wetland cover in the Amazon Basin conducted by the Global Rain Forest Mapping (GRFM) Project JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Remote Sensing Satellite). Digital camcorder systems were installed in a Bandeirante survey plane operated by Brazil's National Institute for Space Research. The VOAM99 surveys circumscribed the Brazilian Amazon, documenting ground conditions at resolutions on the order of 1-m resolution for wetlands, forests, savannas, and human-impacted areas. Geocoded mosaics were generated by processing the aerial videography into GeoTIFF format, maximizing its usefulness for environmental monitoring applications. Other applications of the VOAM99 videography include acquisition of ground control points for image geolocation, forest biomass estimation, and rapid assessment of fire damage. Geocoded digital videography provides a cost-effective means of compiling a high-resolution validation data set for land cover mapping in remote, cloud-covered regions.

LC07_Airborne_Videography_1272

This data set presents georeferenced digital video files from Validation Overflight for Amazon Mosaics (VOAM) aerial video surveys as part of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in the Amazon. The VOAM flights were carried out in the wet-season (June) 1999 in the Brazilian Amazon to provide ground verification for mapping of wetland cover with the Global Rain Forest Mapping (GRFM) Project JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Remote Sensing Satellite) mosaics of the Amazon basin. Digital camcorder systems were installed in a Bandeirante survey plane operated by Brazil's National Institute for Space Research. The VOAM99 surveys circumscribed the Brazilian Amazon, documenting ground conditions at resolutions on the order of 1-m (wide-angle format) and 10-cm (zoom format) for wetlands, forests, savannas, and human-impacted areas. Other applications of the VOAM videography include acquisition of ground control points for image geolocation, creation of a high-resolution geocoded mosaic of a forest study area, forest biomass estimation, and rapid assessment of fire damage. Geocoded digital videography provides a cost-effective means of compiling a high-resolution validation data set for land cover mapping in remote, cloud-covered regions.

LC07_Curuai_chl_1134

This data set reports (1) concentrations of total, organic, and inorganic suspended solids; dissolved inorganic, and organic carbon; chlorophyll-a and (2) measurements of turbidity, ph, temperature, transparency, conductivity, and calculated carbon dioxide (CO2) in water samples collected from Lago Curuai (Lake Curuai), in the floodplain of the Amazon River south of Obidos, Para, Brazil. Approximately 70 stations were sampled during four phases of the hydrological cycle: receding (September 2003), low (November 2003), rising (February 2004), and high water (June 2004). There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

LC07_Amazon_Wetlands_1284

This data set provides a map of wetland extent, vegetation type, and dual-season flooding state of the entire lowland Amazon basin. As described in Hess et al. (2015), the classified image was derived from the Global Rain Forest Mapping Project (GRFM) Amazon mosaics (Rosenqvist et al 2000; Siqueira et al. 2002) acquired during Oct.-Nov. 1995 and May-June 1996, corresponding to the low-flood and high-flood seasons for much of the central Amazon. Hess et al. (2003) mapped wetland extent, vegetative cover, and flooding state for an 18 degree × 8 degree portion of the central Amazon using the dual-season GRFM mosaics. This study extends the previous wetlands mapping to report the first validated estimate of wetland extent, cover, and flooding for the lowland Amazon basin. A wetlands mask was created by segmentation of the mosaics and clustering of the resulting polygons; a rules set was then applied to classify wetland areas into five land cover classes and two flooding classes using dual-season backscattering values. The mapped wetland area of 8.4 × 105 km2 is equivalent to 14 % of the total basin area (5.83 × 106 km2) and 17% of the lowland basin (5.06 × 106 km2). The mapped flooding extent is representative of average high and low-flood conditions for latitudes north of 6 degrees S; flooding conditions were less well captured for the southern part of the basin. The wetlands map is provided in GeoTIFF format using two coordinate systems: unprojected (Geographic) with pixel size of 3 arcseconds, and Albers Conical Equal Area with pixel size of 100 m.

LC08_Ecosystem_Demography_Model_1102

This data set provides Ecosystem Demography Model (ED) estimates of potential above-ground net primary production (NPP) (kg C/m2/y), potential average live biomass (kg C/m2), and potential average soil carbon (kg C/m2) for the Brazilian Amazon at 1 degree resolution. Ecosystem Demography Model predicts both ecosystem structure (e.g. above and below-ground biomass, vegetation height and basal area, and soil carbon stocks) and corresponding ecosystem fluxes (e.g. NPP, NEP, and evapotranspiration) from climate, soil, and land-use inputs. Estimates for the Brazilian Amazon include the effects of natural disturbances such as windthrow and fire, but do not include the effects of human land use. To produce these estimates, ED was forced with ISLSCP I data for 1987 and 1988 and averaged into a single average year (Moorcroft et al., 2001). The data are provided for the three estimates in both ASCII text and in NetCDF formatted files.

LC08_Fire_Observations_1095

This data set reports observations of fires in the vicinity of Maraba, Para, Brazil, from November 3-5th, 2001, and in Mato Grosso, Brazil, between Cuiaba and Alta Floresta, for July 12-15th, 2002. These ground-based data were collected by visual inspection from roads primarily during daylight hours. Data include fire position and time, estimates of fire size, and type of vegetation burned. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set.

LC08_EOS_Maps_1155

This data set provides (1) soil maps for Brazil that are digital versions of the MAPA DE SOLOS DO BRASIL (EMBRAPA, 1981) classified at three levels of detail, 19-class, 70-class and 249-class; (2) vegetation maps for Brazil that are digital versions of the MAPA DE VEGETACAO DO BRASIL (IBGE, 1988) classified at three levels of detail, 13-class, 59-class, and an overprint (combination) class; and (3) a land cover map for all of South America that was derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data over the time period 1987 through 1991 (Stone et al., 1994). The seven soil, vegetation, and general land cover classification maps are provided as GeoTIFF files (.tif) files. There are also three companion files (.pdf), one each, for the soil, vegetation, and land cover maps, with information on map units, class values, codes, and descriptions.

LC09_Precipitation_940

This data set reports daily total precipitation data retrieved from Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) network for three stations near two Amazonian research sites: Altamira, and Santarem, from 1961-1998. Daily precipitation totals are provided in one comma-separated ASCII file for three stations in Para, including two sites in Altamira: Altamira City and on the Transamazon Highway at Km 100 near Medicilandia (operated by EMBRAPA); and, one site in Santarem: Taperinha. Data availability varies by station (sublocation): Altamira City from 1961-1990, Transamazon Km 100 from 1982-1998, and Taperinha from 1983-1992.

LC09_Transition_Matricies_1098

This data set includes classified land cover transition maps at 30-m resolution derived from Landsat TM, MSS, ETM+ imagery and aerial photos of Altamira, Santarem, and Ponta de Pedras, in the state of Para, Brazil. The Landsat images were classified into several types of land use (e.g., forest, secondary succession, pasture, annual crops, perennial crops, and water) and subjected to change detection analysis to create transition matrices of land cover change. Dates of acquired images represent the most cloud-free image retrievals from 1970-2001 for each site and are therefore not continuous. There are 3 GeoTIFF files (.tif) with this data set.

LC09_Landsat_987

This data set includes 15 zipped archives of rectified .tif format Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ scenes from near the study sites of Altamira, Santarem, Ponta de Pedras, and Bragantina in the state of Para, Brazil and Machadinho D'Oeste in Rondonia, Brazil. Dates represent the most cloud-free image retrievals from 1985-2004 and are therefore not continuous. These images may be useful to evaluate potential environmental impacts resulting from the establishment of colonization projects in the Amazon.

LC09_GIS_Study_Areas_986

This data set includes 16 zipped archives of shapefiles of cities, rivers and streams, roads, and study area boundaries of several Amazonian study sites: Altamira, Santarem, Bragantina, and Ponta de Pedras, in the state of Para, and 1 site at Machadinho D'Oeste, in the state of Rondonia. Data from Brazil were digitized from Instituto Nacional de Colonizacao e Reforma Agraria (INCRA) maps and other data from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE). These products were prepared in the 2000-2004 time period. The data of creation for the source material is unknown.

LC09_Soil_Composition_938

This data set reports basic soil structure and composition information for five Amazonian research sites: Altamira, Bragantina, Tome-Acu, and Ponta de Pedras, all four in the state of Para, Brazil; and one site in Yapu, Colombia. Soil characteristics reported for all five study sites include cation information (e.g., H, Al, Mg, K, Na, S), percent of soil C, N, and organic matter, soil texture/composition and color, pH, and land use history. Soil bulk density and tons of carbon/ha are reported for only three of the study sites: Altamira, Bragantina, and Tome-Acu. All of the data are provided in one comma-separated data file. The five study areas represent characteristic differences in soil fertility and a range of land uses typical of the Amazon region. One of these areas, Altamira, is characterized by above average pH, nutrients, and texture. The other four areas are more typical of the 75 percent of the Amazon that is characterized by Oxisols and Ultisols, with well-drained but low pH and low levels of nutrients. Ponta de Pedras in Marajo Island, located in the estuary, is composed of upland Oxisols and floodplain alluvial soils. Igarape-Acu in the Bragantina region is characterized by both nutrient-poor Spodosols and Oxisols. Tome-Acu, south of Igarape-Acu, represents a mosaic of Oxisols and Ultisols. Yapu, in the Colombian Vaupes, is composed of patches of Spodosols and Oxisols. Three of the areas are colonization regions at various degrees of development: Altamira is a colonization front that opened up in 1971, whereas Tome-Acu was settled by a Japanese population in the 1930s, and Bragantina was settled in the early part of the twentieth century. Marajo (Ponta de Pedras) is the home of caboclos, whereas Yapu is home to Tukanoan Native American populations. In these study areas slash-and-burn cultivation as well as plantation agriculture and mechanized agriculture are employed. Length of fallows vary in these communities. The two indigenous areas leave their land in longer fallow than do the three colonization areas, and the proportion of land prepared from secondary forests increases with length of settlement as the stock of mature forest declines over time.

LC09_Vegetation_Composition_939

No abstract available.

LC10_Landsat_TM_852

This data set includes Landsat TM scenes from across the Legal Amazon region. A single image is provided for each spatial tile, representing the most cloud-free retrieval from 9/21/86 to 9/17/94. All files are in a single directory, including one band-sequential (bsq) file and one database (ddr) file for each scene.

LC10_Landsat_ETM_846

This data set includes orthorectified Landsat ETM+ scenes across the Legal Amazon region. At least one scene is provided for each spatial tile, representing the most cloud-free retrievals from mid-1999 through late 2001 (Fig. 1). Dates are therefore not continuous but include scenes from July 8, 1999 to November 13, 2001. Data have been atmospherically corrected and orthorectified. The individual images should be highly useful as they include very little cloud cover, but they should not be mosaicked together since retrieval dates vary.Data files (and format) included for each scene are: six multispectral bands (tif), two thermal bands (tif), one panchromatic band (tif), two preview files (jpg), and one metadata file (txt). The individual Geotiff files have been g-zipped and subsequently all of the files for a scene have been g-zipped together for ordering convenience.

LC13_GIS_Cauaxi_890

We combined a detailed field study of canopy gap fraction with spectral mixture analysis of Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery to assess landscape and regional dynamics of canopy damage following selective logging in an eastern Amazon forest. Our field studies encompassed measurements of ground damage and canopy gap fractions along multi-temporal sequences of post-harvest regrowth of 0.5-3.5 yr. Areas used to stage harvested logs prior to transport, called log decks, had the largest forest gap fractions, but their contribution to the landscape-level gap dynamics was minor. Tree falls were spatially the most extensive form of canopy damage following selective logging, but the canopy gap fractions resulting from them were small. Reduced-impact logging resulted in consistently less damage to the forest canopy than did conventional logging practices. This was true at the level of individual landscape strata such as roads, skids, and tree falls as well as at the area-integrated scale. A spectral mixture model was employed that utilizes bundles of field and image spectral reflectance measurements with a Monte Carlo analysis to estimate high spatial resolution (sub-pixel) cover of forest canopies, exposed non-photosynthetic vegetation, and soils in the Landsat imagery. The method proved highly useful for quantifying forest canopy cover fraction in the log decks, roads, skids, tree fall, and intact forest areas, and it tracked canopy damage up to 3.5 yr post-harvest. Forest canopy cover fractions derived from satellite observations were highly and inversely correlated with field- and satellite-based measurements. A 450-km^2 study of gap fraction showed that approximately one-half of the canopy opening caused by logging is closed within one year of regrowth following timber harvests. This is the first regional-scale study utilizing field measurements, satellite observations, and models to quantify forest canopy damage and recovery following selective logging in the Amazon.

LC13_GIS_Juruena_888

We combined a detailed field study of canopy gap fraction with spectral mixture analysis of Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery to assess landscape and regional dynamics of canopy damage following selective logging in an eastern Amazon forest. Our field studies encompassed measurements of ground damage and canopy gap fractions along multitemporal sequences of post-harvest regrowth of 0.5-3.5 yr. Areas used to stage harvested logs prior to transport, called log decks, had the largest forest gap fractions, but their contribution to the landscape-level gap dynamics was minor. Tree falls were spatially the most extensive form of canopy damage following selective logging, but the canopy gap fractions resulting from them were small. Reduced-impact logging resulted in consistently less damage to the forest canopy than did conventional logging practices. This was true at the level of individual landscape strata such as roads, skids, and tree falls as well as at the area-integrated scale. A spectral mixture model was employed that utilizes bundles of field and image spectral reflectance measurements with a Monte Carlo analysis to estimate high spatial resolution (subpixel) cover of forest canopies, exposed nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soils in the Landsat imagery. The method proved highly useful for quantifying forest canopy cover fraction in the log decks, roads, skids, tree fall, and intact forest areas, and it tracked caopy damage up to 3.5 yr post-harvest. Forest canopy cover fractions derived from satellite observations were highly and inversely correlated with field- and satellite-based measurements. A 450-km^2 study of gap fraction showed that approximately one-half of the canopy opening caused by logging is closed within one year of regrowth following timber harvests. This is the first regional-scale study utilizing field measurements, satellite observations, and models to quantify forest canopy damage and recovery following selective logging in the Amazon.

LC14_Aboveground_Prod_1196

This data set reports forest biophysical measurements from a rainfall exclusion experiment conducted at the km 67 Seca Floresta site, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil from 1998 to 2006. The purpose was to observe the potential effects of severe water stress on a humid Amazonian forest (Nepstad 2002). Data are reported for stem inventory, tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height, dendrometer measurements of tree diameter growth increments, canopy density, leaf area index (LAI), and coarse and fine litter mass. The measurements were made monthly from September 28, 1998 through November 10, 2006. There are six comma-delimited data files (.csv), one text file (.txt), and two companion files with this data set.

LC14_Amazon_Scenarios_1153

This data set provides the results of the two modeled scenarios for future patterns of deforestation across the Amazon Basin from 2002 to 2050. This larger defined Amazon Basin (PanAmazon area) includes the Amazon River watershed, the Legal Amazon in Brazil, and the Guiana region. The model SimAmazonia was used to simulate monthly deforestation in the Amazon Basin from 2002 to 2050 for two scenarios: (1) a "Business-as-Usual" scenario, which considered the deforestation trends across the basin and projected the rates by using historical images and their variations from 1997 to 2002 and then added to that the effect of paving a set of major roads, and (2) a "Governance" scenario, that also considered the current deforestation trends, but assumed a 50% limit imposed for deforested land within each basin's subregion, and that existing and proposed Protected Areas (PAs), play a decisive role in limiting deforestation as well (Soares et al., 2006). The provided data products include one GeoTiff (.tif) for each year (2002 to 2050) for both model scenarios for a total of 98 files. The files have been compressed in two .zip files, one for each model scenario. There is also one comma-delimited file that contains the model input data derived from satellite deforestation maps.

LC14_RISQUE_1147

A simple GIS soil-water balance model for the Amazon Basin, called RisQue (Risco de Queimadasa -- Fire Risk), was used to conduct an analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of drought in moist tropical forests and the complex relationships between patterns of drought and forest fire regimes from 1995 through 2001. The provided data products are the model output estimates of maximum plant-available soil water (PAWmax) at 10 m depth at 8 km resolution and model data inputs of monthly precipitation and evapotranspiration. RisQue estimates PAWmax at 10 m depth starting with a map of PAWmax (1-2 m depth) developed using 1,565 RADAMBRASIL soil texture profiles and empirical relationships between soil texture and critical soil water parameters and then interpolated to 8 km resolution. In RisQue, plant-available soil water (PAW) is depleted by monthly evapotranspiration estimated using the Penman Monteith equation and satellite-derived radiation and recharged by monthly precipitation. There are three data files with this data set, two .zip, and one GeoTIFF image (.tif). The .zip files expand to 83 .asc files of evapotranspiration and 89 .asc files for precipitation data. The image (.tif) is a map of maximum percent available water at 10 m depth. All the files in this data set are in standard arc/info asciigrid format at 8 km resolution.

LC14_Surface_Roots_Phenology_1268

This data set contains biomass estimates for coarse roots measured on the forest floor and measurements of fine root growth down to 2-m depth at the km 67 Rainfall Exclusion Experiment site, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil. The study site was part of a rainfall exclusion experiment that was conducted from 1999-2006 to develop an understanding of the physical processes driving the observed soil water dynamics at the site. All surface roots intersected along three 1000-m long x 1-m wide transects were identified to species, measured, and biomass calculated. The collections were made on January 26, 2001 during the experimental rain exclusion period. The fine root growth was measured from 0.5-m to 2-m depth with a rhizotron. The rhizotron tubes were inserted into deep soil pits in the control and treatment plots. Average root growth measurements are provided by depth interval on a monthly basis from July 25, 2000 to December 14, 2003. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products. KNOWN PROBLEMS: There are discrepancies with the documentation, collection dates reported and collection method for fine roots utilizing rhizotrons.

LC14_REE_SLA_1211

This data set provides measurements of specific leaf area and monthly phenological observations for selected tree and vine species at the km 67 Seca Floresta site, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. The study site was part of a rainfall exclusion experiment that was conducted from 1999-2006 to develop an understanding of the physical processes driving the observed soil water dynamics at the site. Phenological observations were made from 2001-2004 in rainfall exclusion and control plots. In total, 3,224 leaves were observed across 223 individuals and 56 species. The phenological observations included the month and year when a given leaf was first observed fully expanded and last observed alive. Starting in July 2004 and continuing through January 2006, leaves that had been followed in the phenology study were sampled and leaf area and mass were determined and the specific leaf area was calculated. There are two comma-delimited data files with this data set.

LC15_Roughness_Map_1182

This data set provides physical roughness maps of vegetation canopies in the Amazon Basin. The images are estimates of aerodynamic roughness length (Z0) and zero plane displacement height (D0) at 1-km spatial resolution. The aerodynamic roughness length (Z0) is an important parameter to determine the vertical gradients of mean wind speed and the conditions for momentum transfer over a vegetated or bare rough surface. The maps were produced from a multivariate regression model algorithm developed from field-measured vegetation structure and remote-sensing data. The data input sources included Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) (Saatchi, 2013), JERS-1, MODIS, and field data from vegetation biomass plots over the Amazon basin, as well as tower-based wind profile measurements, and roughness parameters from LBA tower sites. There are two GeoTIFF (.tif) files with this data set.

LC15_AGLB_Distribution_Map_908

The amount and spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Amazon basin is a major source of uncertainty in estimating the flux of carbon released from land-cover and landuse change. Direct measurements of aboveground live biomass (AGLB) are limited to small areas of forest inventory plots and site-specific allometric equations that cannot be readily generalized for the entire basin. Furthermore, there is no space-borne remote sensing instrument that can measure tropical forest biomass directly. To determine the spatial distribution of forest biomass of the Amazon basin, we report a method based on remote sensing metrics representing various forest structural parameters and environmental variables, and more than 500 plot measurements of forest biomass distributed over the basin. A decision tree approach was used to develop the spatial distribution of AGLB for seven distinct biomass classes of lowland old-growth forests with more than 80% accuracy. AGLB for other vegetation types, such as the woody and herbaceous savanna and secondary forests, was directly estimated with a regression based on satellite data. Results show that AGLB is highest in Central Amazonia and in regions to the east and north, including the Guyanas. Biomass is generally above 300 Mg ha-1 here except in areas of intense logging or open floodplains. In Western Amazonia, from the lowlands of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia to the Andean mountains, biomass ranges from 150 to 300 Mg ha-1. Most transitional and seasonal forests at the southern and northwestern edges of the basin have biomass ranging from 100 to 200 Mg ha-1. The AGLB distribution has a significant correlation with the length of the dry season. We estimate that the total carbon in forest biomass of the Amazon basin, including the dead and belowground biomass, is 86 Pg C with +/- 20% uncertainty.

LC15_GRFM_JERS1_Mosaic_1024

This data set contains two image mosaics of L-band radar backscatter and two image mosaics of first order texture. The two backscatter images are mosaics of L-band Radar Backscatter at Horizontal-Horizontal (HH) Polarization created from 1,500 images collected by the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) over the Amazon River Basin as part of the Global Rainforest Mapping Project (GRMP). These backscatter image mosaics were developed using data collected over 62 days from August to November of 1995 for the peak of the dry season and for 62 days from May to June of 1996 during the peak of the wet season. The two image mosaics are at 3 arc-sec resolution. Data provided under this project are resampled images at 30 arc-sec resolution (or about 1 km resolution). For each radar backscatter image, first order texture statistical information was derived and is distributed along with the image mosaic. This data set contains four images each in both geotiff and ENVI formats, provided in eight zip files. The four files in ENVI file format contain “_envi” in their file name and when extrapolated contain an envi image (*_envi.dat) and an envi image header file (_envi.hdr). The four files in geotiff format contain “_geotiff” in their file name and when extrapolated contain .tif and .tfw file pairs. See Section 2 for more information about the characteristics of these data files.

LC15_SPOT_Metrics_1239

This data set provides Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composite images of the Amazon Basin for the years 1999-2000 at approximately1-km spatial resolution. The images were from the VEGETATION 1 sensor, aboard the SPOT 4 satellite. Ten day composite images were reprocessed through several filters for cloud removal. Monthly NDVI data were used to create five metrics: maximum NDVI, minimum of 6 greenest months, range of NDVI between min and max, mean NDVI dry months, and mean NDVI wet months. There are five GeoTIFF (.tif) files with this data set.

LC15_SRTM_Topography_1181

This dataset provides a subset of the SRTM30 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) elevation and standard deviation data for the Amazon Basin. SRTM30 is a near-global digital elevation model (DEM) comprising a combination of data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), flown in February, 2000, and the earlier U.S. Geological Survey's GTOPO30 data set. The SRTM30 resolution is 30 arc-sec or about 1 km. In processing the SRTM data, to combine with GTOPO30, the data were resampled from 3 arc-sec to 30 arc-sec. Provided here are the mean elevation and the standard deviation (STD) of the data points used in the averaging. The STD is thus an indication of topographic roughness useful in some applications.

LC15_MODIS_TreeCover_1035

This data set contains proportional estimates for the vegetative cover types of woody vegetation, herbaceous vegetation, and bare ground over the Amazon Basin for the period 2000-2001. These products were derived from all seven bands of the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard NASA's Terra satellite. A set of MODIS 32-day composites were used to create the vegetation cover types using the Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) (Hansen et al., 2002) approach which shows how much of a land cover such as "forest" or "grassland" exists anywhere on the land surface. The VCF product may depict areas of heterogeneous land cover better than traditional discrete classification schemes which shows where land cover types are concentrated. The original MODIS products are 500-m spatial resolution and are derived from 2000-2001 data products. The data were resampled to 1-km resolution for the regional study under this project, and provided as 3 separate cover type files in ENVI and GeoTIFF file formats that are provided in six zipped files. These products are registered to the rest of the regional data sets over the Amazon basin. These data are also available for download from the Global Land Cover Facility Website (http://modis.umiacs.umd.edu/).

LC18_Hyperion_889

This image was collected by the Hyperion sensor on 10-July-2004 at 13:16:16 GMT. It was calibrated to apparent surface reflectance using the ACORN atmospheric model. The Hyperion imager has a spectral range of 400-2500 nm, a spectral resolution of 10 nm, spatial resolution of 30 m, and a swath width of 7.8 km. Sampling is scene based (256 samples, 512 lines) (http://eo1.usgs.gov/sensors.php). Through these large number of spectral bands, complex land ecosystems can be imaged and accurately classified. Data from the EO-1 Hyperion imaging spectrometer may greatly increase our ability to estimate the presence and structural attributes of selective logging in the Amazon Basin using four biogeophysical indicators not yet derived simultaneously from any satellite sensor: 1) green canopy leaf area index; 2) degree of shadowing; 3) presence of exposed soil and; 4) non-photosynthetic vegetation material. Airborne, field and modeling studies have shown that the optical reflectance continuum (400-2500 nm) contains sufficient information to derive estimates of each of these indicators. Our ongoing studies in the eastern Amazon basin also suggest that these four indicators are sensitive to logging intensity. Satellite-based estimates of these indicators should provide a means to quantify both the presence and degree of structural disturbance caused by various logging regimes.

LC19_Field_2002_1261

This data set provides measurements for soil physical and chemical properties, rooting depth and weight, leaf area index (LAI), plant area index (PAI), biomass, fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR), and ground-based reflectance measurements of soil and litter samples. The samples were collected from 23 areas within the Brazilian research sites of the Brasilia National Park (BNP) and Aguas Emnendadas Ecological Station (AE), Brasilia; Cangacu Research Center, Tocantins; and Tapajos National Forest, Para. The research areas were in the most intensely stressed areas in Brazil, with rapid and aggressive land use conversions in forested and cerrado-transition areas. These field measurements were conducted from June to July 2002. There are 61 comma-delimited (.csv) data files with this data set.

LC21_Fractional_Cover_1152

This data set provides Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery, derived classified land cover products, and cloud-water masks for selected Brazilian states (Acre, Amapa, Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, Rondonia, and Roraima) for the years 1999-2002. The Landsat ETM+ images were processed to derive fractional land cover types (photosynthetic vegetation [PV], non-photosynthetic vegetation [NPV], and bare substrate) by application of the Carnegie Landsat Analysis System (CLAS) methodology (Asner et al., 2005). CLAS utilizes a quantitative determination of fractional land cover at the subpixel scale (e.g., within each Landsat 30 x 30 m pixel). The resulting images display estimates of subpixel land cover fraction values including free of clouds, cloud shadows, and water. There are 584 .zip files in this data set which when expanded, contain a total of 1,717 (.tif) images files (GeoTiff Standard format).

LC21_Foliar_Nutrients_1234

This data set provides measurements for foliar nutrients from logging blocks in the Tapajos National Forest, Para Western Santarem, Brazil. Data are included for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) concentrations. In March 2003 foliar samples were collected from the cover types remaining after selective logging in 2002: forest, tree-fall gaps, skids, roads, and deck areas. Fresh foliage was also collected in March 2003, from 192 upper canopy species at an intact forest site 17 km from the logging area. There are two data files with this data set.

LC21_Selective_Logging_1172

This data set provides the results of analyses of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images for selective logging activity in the Brazilian states of Para, Mato Gross, Rondonia, Roraima, and Acre over the years 1999 through 2001. Images were analyzed using the Carnegie Landsat Analysis System (CLAS) to detect and to quantify the amount of damage due to selective logging in the major timber-production states of the Brazilian Amazon. This approach provided automated image analysis using atmospheric modeling for detection of forest canopy openings, surface debris, and bare soil exposed by forest disturbances; and pattern-recognition techniques. CLAS provides detailed measurements of forest-canopy damage at a spatial resolution of 30 x 30m. Fifteen GeoTiff format files are included -- one for each of the three years from 1999-2001 for each of the five states. Each GeoTiff is a single band image where each pixel represents if logging activity was or was not detected. A zero (0) value indicates that no logging was detected, while a value of one (1) indicates that damage from logging was detected. The 15 GeoTiff (.tif) files have been compressed into one .zip file.

LC21_Soil_Characteristics_1236

This data set provides measurements for soil nutrients from areas that were selectively logged and from control areas in the Tapajos National Forest, Para Western Santarem, Brazil. Data are included for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), silicon (Si), carbon 13, nitrogen 15, and potassium (K) concentrations. In addition, data are included for Phosphorus fractionation which was performed on a subset of the soils, and soil bulk density measurements. The samples were from clay-dominated (oxisols) soils.

LC22_MODIS_Field_Val_2004_1262

This data set contains field observations, corresponding GPS points, and point and polygons of deforested areas in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, for the period August 2003 to July 2004. The field observations were conducted in the forested areas between Nova Mutum and Sinop, MT. These data were part of a study to validate Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data at 250-m resolution for the detection of deforested areas. There are 16 data files with this data set. This includes 10 shapefile (.shp) and six comma-separated files (.csv).

LC22_MODIS_Field_Val_2005_1260

This data set contains field observations, corresponding GPS points, and point and polygons of deforested areas in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, for the period March 17-24,2005. Fieldwork was conducted in the regions surrounding Sinop, Mato Grosso, with specific emphasis on large clearings occurring in the Xingu Basin. The field campaign was designed to validate preliminary MODIS deforestation products designed to detect deforestation during the wet season. There are five data files with this data set: four shapefiles (.shp) and one comma-separated file (.csv).

LC22_MODIS_Phenology_Mato_Grosso_1185

This data set, LBA-ECO LC-22 Land Cover from MODIS Vegetation Indices, Mato Grosso, Brazil, provides land cover classifications for Mato Grosso, Brazil, for the years 2000-2001 and 2003-2004. The classifications were derived from annual vegetation phenology information from a time series of Collection 4, 16-day MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) vegetation data, at 250-m resolution. A decision tree classifier was trained using field observations and Landsat TM data of land cover from 2003-2004 to identify seven land-cover classes. The classifier was applied to the 2000-2001 and 2003-2004 MODIS ENVI and EVI data. There are two GeoTIFF (.tif) files with this data set.

LC22_Post_Deforestation_LULC_1099

This data set provides (1) areal estimates of deforestation events (>25 ha) that were identified from 2001-2004 in Mato Grosso by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE) as part of the Program for the Estimation of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (PRODES) and (2) the classification of the post-deforestation land use as either cropland, cattle pasture, or not in production (deforested areas that were never fully cleared or returned immediately to secondary forest) in the years after the large deforestation events from 2001-2005. Data are provided in ESRI shapefile format. There are five compressed (.zip) data files with this data set. Each shapefile represents one year of post-deforestation land use. Land use in the years following deforestation was estimated using annual time series of MODIS NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and EVI (enhanced vegetation index). Metrics of vegetation phenology derived annual time series of MODIS NDVI and EVI data were analyzed using a decision-tree classifier to characterize the major cover type in each area of new deforestation. Post-deforestation land use for each large deforestation event was classified based on the classification of MODIS phenology metrics for all years following deforestation during 2002-2005.

LC22_MODIS_VCF_Tree_Cover_1112

This data set contains proportional estimates for the vegetative cover types of tree cover, herbaceous vegetation, and bare ground over South America for the period 2000-2001. These products were derived from all seven bands of the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard NASA's Terra satellite. A set of 500-m MOD09A1 Surface Reflectance 8-day minimum blue reflectance composites were used as input data. To reduce the presence of cloud shadows, The data were converted to 40-day composites using a second darkest albedo (sum of blue, green, and red bands), and the Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) algorithmn was utilized (Hansen et al., 2002). The VCF shows how much of a land cover such as forest or grassland exists anywhere on the land surface. The VCF product may depict areas of heterogeneous land cover better than traditional discrete classification schemes which shows where land cover types are concentrated. There are three images provided in GeoTIFF format.

LC23_MODIS_ASTER_Fire_Comparisons_839

This data set contains data associated with MODIS fire maps generated using two different algorithms and compared against fire maps produced by ASTER. These data relate to a paper (Morisette et al., 2005) that describes the use of high spatial resolution ASTER data to evaluate the characteristics of two fire detection algorithms, both applied to MODIS-Terra data and both operationally producing publicly available fire locations. The two algorithms are NASA's operational Earth Observing System MODIS fire detection product and Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE) algorithm. These data are the ASCII files used in the logistic regression and error matrices presented in the paper.

LC23_Vegetation_Fire_Dynamics_843

Satellite fire detection was determined from two sensors—the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on NOAA-12 and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on both the Terra and Aqua platforms, for 2001- 2003 to characterize fire activity in Brazil, giving special emphasis to the Amazon region. Active fire data for AVHRR/NOAA-12 was produced using a fixed threshold fire detection technique based on the algorithm developed by the Centro de Previsao do Tempo e Estudos Climaticos (CPTEC/INPE) (Setzer and Pereira, 1991; Setzer et al., 1994; Setzer and Malingreau, 1996). Active fire data for MODIS/Terra and MODIS/Aqua was produced using a contextual fire detection technique based on NASA-University of Maryland algorithm (Justice et al., 2003; Giglio et al.2003).Resulting fire counts were compared for major biomes of Brazil (Figure 1), the nine states of the Legal Amazon (e.g., Tocantins, Figure 2), and two important road corridors in the Amazon region (Figure 3). In evaluating the daily fire counts, there is a dependence on variations in satellite viewing geometry, overpass time, atmospheric conditions, and fire characteristics (Schroeder et al., 2005). The data provided are the coordinates of daily active vegetation fires in Brazil for 2001 through 2003 at 1km resolution for both AVHRR and MODIS sensors. Data are provided in both Arcview (shape file format) and ASCII comma separated file formats. Vector files for the major biomes of Brazil, the nine states of the Legal Amazon, and two important road corridors in the Amazon region are also included.

LC23_Vegetation_Fires_2003_887

The ASTER high resolution satellite data are available for visible-near infrared (15m resolution), short wave infrared (30m), and thermal infrared (90m) bands. Two sets of imagery were collected over Roraima state - Brazil covering a strip of approximately 180 X 60 km each on January 19 and 28, 2003. Each date has one prescribed burn and many other opportunistic fires. Data format is ASTER L1B HDF. There is a corresponding .met file (metadata file) for each hdf file. These files can be opened using any standard hdf viewer, ENVI can recognize the bands and georegistration automatically. The companion document, ASTER_GeoRef_FINAL.pdf, gives a good description of how to georeference ASTER L1B data and to open the files in ERDAS Imagine and also older ENVI versions.

LC24_Basin_Scale_Hot_Pixels_2001_882

This data set provides the number of hot spots detected across the legal Amazon Basin at 5- km resolution by the AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) on NOAA 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 satellites for the entirety of 2001 (January 1 - December 31). Only hot spots detected at night are included. This data is useful for modeling fire events and evaluating human impacts on the Amazon Basin using fire as an indicator of anthropogenic disturbance (Arima et al., 2007).

LC24_Cadastral_Property_Map_Para_1042

This data set contains a shapefile of a digitized map of the land parcel information of the original properties of the Uruara colonization site, Para, Brazil, acquired from the Instituto de Colonizacao e Reforma Agraria, or the Colonization and Agrarian Reform Institute (INCRA). The Uruara settlement geometry was initially designed by INCRA, and consists of mostly 100 hectare lots (400 x 2500 meters, and 500 x 2000 meters), running north and south of the Trans-Amazon Highway, as a fine network of small, narrow rectangles. The other parcels in the landscape are the so-called glebas that range up to 3,000 hectares. The map was in the form of a paper map without a projection (a spherical geographic coordinate system) in the South American 1969 datum (SAD 1969). This paper map was digitized in Environmental Science Research Institute (ESRI) ArcInfo 8.1 using a digitizing table, and the digital cadastral data were geo-referenced and projected to match the Universal Transverse Mercator projection (Zone 22 South, World Geodetic System 1984 datum) of Landsat imagery (Landsat.org). There is one compressed (.zip) file with this data set.

LC24_MODIS_Forest_Cover_500-m_1056

This data set, LBA-ECO LC-24 Forest Cover Map from MODIS, 500-m, South America: 2001, contains forest cover information for 2001 for all of South America. The data were collected by the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the Earth Observing System, TERRA (AM-1) satellite platform and released by the MODIS science team as an image showing percent canopy cover. This information was then reclassified so that all pixels with a percent canopy cover greater than 40% (40% after the 1973 UNESCO standard) were classified as forest (a value of 1), and all other pixels were classified as non-forest (a value of 2). Water features were given a value of 3. This data has a pixel resolution of 500 meters and is unprojected with the WGS-1984 datum (Hansen et al. 2006). There is one GeoTIFF data file for this data set.

LC24_Historical_Roads_Amazon_1043

Understanding the impact of road investments on deforestation is part of a complete evaluation of the expansion of infrastructure for development.We find evidence of spatial spillovers from roads in the Brazilian Amazon: deforestation rises in the census tracts that lack roads but are in the same county as and within 100 km of a tract with a new paved or unpaved road. At greater distances from the new roads the evidence is mixed, including negative coefficients of inconsistent significance between 100 and 300km, and if anything, higher neighbor deforestation at distances over 300 km.

LC24_Land_Cover_Uruara_Para_1053

This data set provides course land cover classifications derived from Landsat TM images for 1986, 1988, and 1991 for the area surrounding the municipality of Uruara, Para, Brazil. Five land cover classes (Water, Clouds/Shadow, Forest, Not Forest, and Background) were derived (Aldrich et al. 2006). The Land Cover is in a compressed (.zip) GeoTIFF file for each year.

LC24_ETM_Deforestation_Map_Para_1999_1054

This data set contains a 1999 Landsat ETM+ mosaic image land of cover classification showing forested and deforestation areas in Uruara, Para, Brazil. This image may be overlain with the cadastral property map of the same area (see related data set LBA-ECO LC-24 Cadastral Property Map of Uruara, Para, Brazil: ca.1975). This data sets contains a single geotiff image distributed as deforested_large.zip.

LC24_Land_Cover_Southern_Para_1055

This data set is a five-class land cover for Southern Para for the years 1984 (Landsat MSS), 1988 (Landsat TM), 1996, and 2003 (Landsat ETM+). The final classification shows five classes derived using visual comparison (Water, Clouds/Shadow, Forest, Not Forest, Background). These data were used in 2007 to illustrate the nature of deforestation in Southern Para, Brazil over the past twenty years (Simmons et al. 2007). There are four annual GeoTIFF files distributed with this data set. Each GeoTIFF file and accompanying .tfw file have been compressed into a single .zip file.

LC31_AMZ_Historical_LU_1170

This data set provides annual spatial patterns of cropland, natural pasture, and planted pasture land uses across Amazonia for the period 1940/1950-1995. Two series of 5-minute grid cell historical maps were generated starting from land use classification products for 1995. Annual data are the fraction of natural pasture, planted pasture, and cropland in each 5-min grid cell. The annual maps are provided in two NetCDF (.nc) format file at 5-minute resolution. The AMZ-C.nc file covers the Brazilian portion of Amazon and Tocantins Rivers basins, and is based on the 1995 land use classification of Cardille et al. (2002), generated through the fusion of remote sensing (AVHRR) and agricultural census data. The second file, AMZ-R.nc, covers the entire Legal Amazon region and adjacent areas and is based on the 1995 land use classification by Ramankutty et al. (2008). The land use classification was generated by the fusion of satellite imagery (MODIS and VEGETATION-SPOT) and data from the agricultural census. A historical land-use reconstruction algorithm was used to generate the annual spatial patterns (based on work from Ramunkutty and Foley, 1999).

LC31_SITE_1173

This model product provides the Fortran source code and input data for the Simple Tropical Ecosystem Model (SITE). SITE is a simplified point model of vegetation dynamics that uses an integration interval of one hour to estimate the fluxes of CO2, water, and energy. Model forcing data are hourly meteorological parameters. SITE is a simplified model of vegetation dynamics for tropical ecosystems developed by Santos and Costa (2004). Model input data measurements of temperature, wind velocity, precipitation, latent heat, sensible heat, downward incident solar flux, and downward incident infrared flux were collected at the km 67 Tapajos National Forest site, Para, Brazil, from 2002 to 2003. SITE is structured with a canopy layer and two soil layers, and incorporates the following processes: *infrared radiation balance in the canopy and balance of solar radiation *aerodynamic processes *plant physiology *transpiration *balance of water intercepted by the canopy *transport of mass and energy fluxes *soil heat flux and soil moisture *carbon balance There are five files provided with this data set: the Fortran source code (version 1.1-0d), one file for the main program that declares variables and input parameters, one file that initializes vegetation parameters, one file used to compile the SITE model, and the km 67 input data file in comma-delimited (.csv) format. The four SITE files are provided in the compressed file SITE_Model.zip. One companion file is also provided that describes the collection and processing of the meteorological and flux measurements at the km 67 Tapajos National Forest site and the use of the data to calibrate SITE.

LC35_GOES_WF_ABBA_1180

This data set is an active fire detection product resulting from the application of The Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF_ABBA) to Geostationary Environmental Operational Satellite (GOES) imager data for all of South America from 2000 through 2005. GOES imager data are available at 30 minute intervals with a nominal 4 x 4-km resolution. The data provided are the latitude/longitude, brightness temperature, estimates of sub-pixel fire size and temperature, Global Land Cover Characterization (GLCC) ecosystem type, and a pixel-fire flag (0-5, information regarding the probability of a fire or processing characteristics) for each active fire detected by WF_ABBA for a 30 minute imager interval. Spatial area coverage data files are provided as a complement to individual fire detection data files because the area of the latter varied according to the GOES imager scan mode in use. Versions 5.9 and 6.0 WF_ABBA data are provided. Differences between the two versions are assumed to be small though (typically less than 10%). An in-line temporal filter has been added to the algorithm to screen out false alarms associated with noise in the imagery and cloud edge issues in version 6.0. This is especially important for screening false alarms due to reflection off clouds at extreme view angles and at sunrise and sunset. There are nine compressed (.zip) files with this data set which expand to the filtered ASCII text data files (.filt), and seven coverage files text (.txt).

LC35_Landsat7_Fire_Masks_1071

This data set provides active fire detection images and associated summary information derived from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images for various locations in Brazilian Amazonia during 2001-2003. There are two image types: (1) GeoTiff images (masks) of active fire pixels, and (2) GeoTiff images (masks) of clustered active fire pixels where a distinct cluster identification number has been assigned to each individual group of contiguous active fire pixels. There are 122 GeoTiff format files of each type of fire mask; a total of 244 images. The spatial resolution of the fire mask images is 30 meters. ETM+ images were selected based on data quality, availability, as well as on the occurrence of vegetation fires. In addition to the two image types, there are also two types of fire pixel summary information provided in text files: (1) one file of active fire pixel summary information derived from the active fire pixel images, and (2) 122 files of clustered active fire pixel information derived from individual clustered fire pixel masks, each of which correspond to a clustered image.

LC39_DECAF_Model_1190

This data set contains modeled estimates of carbon flux, biomass, and annual burning emissions across the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso from 2000-2006. The model, DEforestation CArbon Flux (DECAF), was used to provide annual carbon fluxes from large deforestation events (>25 ha) based on post-deforestation land use, and the frequency and duration of active fires during the deforestation process. Carbon fluxes associated with the conversion of Cerrado to mechanized crop production, fires in Cerrado, and managed pasture cover types were also estimated. Model data outputs provided include: * Estimated aboveground live biomass from DECAF in 2000 and 2004. * Annual biomass burning emissions estimates for 2001-2005 from low, middle, and high emissions scenarios with DECAF. There are 15 GeoTIFF files for annual emissions which represent the carbon emissions per pixel in grams of carbon per m2 (g C m-2). Model data inputs provided include: * Annual burn trajectories for 2001 - 2005, including deforestation, Cerrado land cover conversion, and fires in pasture and Cerrado ecosystems unrelated to agricultural expansion. These data were assembled from three sources: MODIS 500-m burned area maps, annual deforestation based on data from the INPE PRODES program, and the conversion of Cerrado savannah/woodland to cropland estimated from land cover information from MODIS phenology metrics. * Annual land cover data 2001-2004 for the portion of Mato Grosso covered by MODIS phenology metrics, tile h12v10, updated based on annual land cover changes in Amazon forest and Cerrado cover types. * Monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for MODIS tile h12v10 from 10/2000 - 09/2006, based on cloud and gap-filled 16-day NDVI data from MODIS Collection 4 16-day NDVI composites MOD13 product (Huete et al., 2002). There are six compressed (.gz) files with this data set.

LC39_MODIS_Fire_SA_1186

This data set provides active fire locations and estimates of annual fire frequencies for South America from 2000-2007. Data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors aboard the Terra (2000-??2007) and Aqua (2003-2007) satellite platforms were analyzed to determine spatial and temporal patterns in satellite fire detections. The analysis considered a high-confidence subset of all MODIS fire detections to reduce the influence of false fire detections over small forest clearings in Amazonia (Schroeder et al., 2008). The number of unique days on which the active fire detections were recorded within a 1 km radius was estimated from the subset of active fire detections and the ArcGIS neighborhood variety algorithm. There are 14 data files with this data set: 7 GeoTIFF (.tif) files of fire frequency at MODIS 250 m resolution, where each grid cell value represents the number of days in that year on which active fires were detected, and 7 shape files of active fire locations for the years 2001-2007.

ND01_Pasture_Nutrients_1135

This data set provides soil physical and chemical properties, and grass nutrient measurements of samples collected from 17 pasture sites located within the state of Rondonia in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Soil data includes bulk density, class, texture, and measurements of carbon (C), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (mg), and potassium (K) concentrations. Foliar data includes nitrogen (N), P, Ca, Mg, and K concentrations. The 17 pasture sites were cattle ranches selected within the region between Porto Velho and Presidente Medici of Rondonia. Four of the ranches with Ultisols support dairy cattle, and the rest have beef cattle pastures dispersed across three soil orders: Oxisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols. Nearby primary forest sites were also sampled to provide data on the original soil properties for each soil order. Soil samples were collected in May 2003, July through August 2003, and May 2004, which covered the late rainy season (May) and the dry season (July through August). Grass species sampled included Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, B. brizantha, and Pennestum clandestinum, and represented three phenologically distinct grass materials: wet-season live grass, collected in May 2004, dry-season live grass and dry-season senesced grass, both collected between the end of July and the beginning of August 2003. There are 4 comma-delimited data files with this data set.

ND01_Spectral_Mixture_Models_1188

This data set provides fractional land cover type images for shade, green vegetation (GV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and soil for the regions of JiParana, PortoVelho, Luiza, Ariquemes, and Cacoal in the state of Rondonia, Brazil, for the period 1984 to 2000. The images were derived with a spectral mixture analysis (SMA) of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) time series scenes for each of these areas. There were 249 TM scenes and one Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) scene acquired for these analyses. The images are 30-m Landsat resolution and were georectified to the Brazilian space agency 1998 and 1999 PRODES imagery. There are 250 GeoTIIF image files (.tif) in this data set. Files are grouped by region and year/month/day scene was taken.

ND01_Registered_TM_MSS_1197

This data set provides a time series of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) scenes for five (Path/Row) areas in Rondonia, Brazil. The scenes are from the period June 1975 through June 2000, but all areas do not have scenes for all the years. The areas and Landsat Path/Rows included are as follows: Ariquemes (P232,R67), Ji-Parana (P231, R67), Luiza (P231, R68), Cacoal (P230, R68), and Porto Velho (P232, R66). TM images are available for all five areas. Because of a paucity of digital Landsat MSS imagery from the 1970s, only two scenes could be included, a 1975 scene from Ariquemes and a 1978 scene from Ji-Parana. Each of the Landsat scenes has been coregistered to a Path/Row-specific georectified PRODES Landsat file obtained from the Brazilian Government's National Institute for Space Research (INPE) program. For each scene, the coregistration is accurate to within (plus or minus)1 pixel (30-m Landsat resolution) in most places. The five INPE PRODES Landsat scenes used in the georectification process are included with this data set. There are five compressed files (tar.gz format) with this data set. When expanded, each compressed file (which corresponds to one of the five areas) contains a directory for each scene with GeoTIFF files for individual Landsat bands, a text file of tie points, and another text file of slope and intercept values for converting radiance to reflectance. There are two dates for Landsat MSS scenes, 45 dates for TM scenes, and six dates for ETM+ scenes.

ND01_Land_Cover_Maps_1259

This data set provides a time series of land cover classifications for Ariquemes, Ji-Parana, and Luiza, research sites in Rondonia, Brazil. The land cover classifications are derived from the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensors. The time period ranges from June 1975 through June 2000, but all areas do not have images for all the years. The images were classified into the following categories: 1. Primary upland forest, representing the dominant natural vegetation in the area; 2. Pasture and green pasture; 3. Second growth, dominated by small trees and shrubs with low species diversity and biomass relative to primary forest; 4. Soil/urban; 5. Rock/savanna; 6. Water; and 7. Cloud and smoke obscured. In addition, areas covered by rock and savanna were mapped and all areas outside of the overlap zone between all dates within a scene, and scene edges, were masked. There are 75 GeoTIFF files (.tif) with this data set which includes: classified images (*ful.tif) and a corresponding image mask (*ful_mask .tif) for each date (with the exception of 1978 and 1996 images for Ji-Parana, for which there are only ful_mask.tif files), and three mask files for rock, savannah, and scene edges, for each area. By area, there are 31 images for Ariquemes, 23 images for Ji-Parana, and 21 images for Luiza.

ND01_Georectified_Products_1165

This data set provides a 27-year land cover time series of 28.5-m resolution products derived from Landsat images for 80% of Rondonia, Brazil, for the period 1984 to 2010. Selected Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images from the years 1984 through 2010, for seven path/row scenes (PortoVelho, Ariquemes, Jiparana, Luiza (or Urupa), Cacoal, Chapuingaia, and Vilhena) were mosaicked for each year. Each mosaicked image was georectified and classified into seven land-cover classes--savanna/rock, pasture, secondary forest, primary forest, cloud, urban, or water. This 27-year time series allows the long-term assessment of land-cover variation across the state. There are 27 GeoTIFF image files (.tif) and one accompanying .xml file for each GeoTIFF file, compressed and available as .zip files, one file for each year for the period 1984-2010, with this data set.

ND01_Age_Maps_1184

This data set provides classified land cover transition images (maps) derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery for Ariquemes, Luiza, and Ji-Parana¡ areas in Rondonia, Brazil, at 30-m resolution. Images depict the age relative to the year 2000, of cleared land from the date the land was cut, to the date when primary forests transitioned into nonforest class (for example, 25 = cut by 1975, or 25 years before the year 2000). Temporal changes in three regions are represented by 31 TM scenes acquired between 1984 and 1999, and a pair of MSS scenes from 1975 and 1978. Data are provided as three GeoTiff (.tif) images, one for each of the three areas.

ND01_Pasture_Spectra_1154

This data set provides the results of spectral reflectance (350 to 2,500 nm at 1-nm increments) and biophysical measurements on grass pastures in eight cattle ranches in the state of Rondonia, located in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. The ranches are located near the cities of Porto Velho, Ariquemes, Ouro Preto, Ji-Parana, and Presidente Medici. Field measurements were collected in July and August 2003. The primary grass species sampled were Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens. Spectrometer measurements were taken at 5-m intervals along 100 m transects on the pastures - fourteen total transects. Vegetation was sampled at 20-m intervals along the transects. All standing biomass and litter on the soil surface were collected and separated into live and senesced biomass and then dried to calculate water content. Sixty-eight reflectance spectra coincided with grass biophysical samples. Note that the research was done on private lands in Rondonia, and to protect the privacy of those land owners no geographic information is associated with the reported measurements. Three data files are included: an ENVI spectral library file with reflectance data for 484 pasture sampling points, an ASCII comma-separated file with reflectance data for the 484 pasture sampling points, and an ASCII comma-separated file with the biophysical measurements.

ND01_Stream_Chemistry_1119

This data set provides the results of (1) synoptic streamwater sampling and analyses from numerous sites across Rondonia and (2) corresponding watershed characteristics derived from remote sensing and historical/available data sources. Sixty streams, in both forested and non-forested sites, were sampled once during the dry season in August of 1998 and 49 of the same streams were sampled again during the wet season in January-February of 1999. Analyses included sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), silica (Si), chloride (Cl), sulfate, pH, and acid neutralizing capacity. Watershed characteristics, including soil cation content, pH, watershed lithology, area, percent deforested, and urban watershed population density, were derived and calculated from digitized soil maps and available soil profile analyses, digitized topographic maps, land use mosaics from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images, and Brazilian census data. The objective of the study was to determine the relative influence of watershed soil exchangeable cation content, rock type, deforestation, and urban population density on stream concentrations of base cations, dissolved silicon, chloride and sulfate in both the dry and wet seasons in a humid tropical region undergoing regional land use transformation. There are three comma-delimited data files with this data set.

ND01_Watershed_Defor_1159

This data set provides estimates of watershed deforestation, as a proportion of the total area of watersheds, in Rondonia, Brazil for 1999. Deforestation maps were determined for the main agricultural and surrounding forested areas of Rondonia using multiple Landsat TM scenes (Biggs et al. 2008). Cumulative deforestation estimates were derived from this time series of Landsat scenes from 1975 to 1999. To obtain watershed-level estimates of deforestation, watershed boundaries and stream networks were delineated by a flow accumulation algorithm using a 90-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The results were watersheds of seven Strahler stream orders (1-7) with stream networks that closely matched those of the 1:100,000 topographic maps for the area. The watershed boundaries, classified by stream order, were overlain on the time series of deforestation maps to determine the cumulative deforestation extent in 1999. This data set contains six ESRI ArcGIS shapefiles of the watershed boundaries for streams orders 2-7, the smallest watershed (second order) to the largest inclusive watershed (seventh order). The cumulative deforestation estimates, as a proportion of total area for each watershed, are available as a comma-delimited text file that can be related to the individual watershed boundary shapefiles. Cumulative deforestation data are available for first order streams, although not as a shapefile. There are six zipped ESRI ArcGIS shapefiles (.zip) and one ASCII comma separated file with this data set.

ND02_Mulching_Experiment_950

Fires set for slash-and-burn agriculture contribute to the current unsustainable accumulation of atmospheric greenhouse gases, and they also deplete the soil of essential nutrients, which compromises agricultural sustainability at local scales. Integrated assessments of greenhouse gas emissions have compared intensive cropping systems in industrialized countries, but such assessments have not been applied to common cropping systems of smallholder farmers in developing countries. We report an integrated assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in slash-and-burn agriculture and an alternative chop-and-mulch system in the Amazon Basin. The soil consumed atmospheric methane under slash-and-burn treatment and became a net emitter of methane to the atmosphere under the mulch treatment. Mulching also caused about a 50% increase in soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide and required greater use of fertilizer and fuel for farm machinery. Despite these significantly higher emissions of greenhouse gases during the cropping phase under the alternative chop-and-mulch system, calculated pyrogenic emissions in the slash-and-burn system were much larger, especially for methane. The global warming potential CO2-equivalent emissions calculated for the entire crop cycles were at least five times lower in chop-and-mulch compared to slash-and-burn. The crop yields were similar for the two systems. While economic and logistical considerations remain to be worked out for alternatives to slash-and-burn, these results demonstrate a potential win-win strategy for maintaining soil fertility and reducing net greenhouse gas emissions, thus simultaneously contributing to sustainability at both spatial scales.

ND02_Soil_CO2_Extracts_1074

This data set provides a time series of calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations extracted from soil samples from a laboratory column extraction study conducted in 2002. Soils used in the columns were originally collected in 1998 in Fazenda Vitoria, a cattle ranch 6 km north of the town of Paragominas, Para, Brazil. The soils were from contrasting land uses of primary forest (mata), secondary forest (capoeira), or pasture (pasto). Water equilibrated with increasing concentrations of CO2 was used to extract cations from the soil columns. Data represent the time series of cation concentrations in the extract solutions as well as the total content of cations removed from the soils. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set.

ND02_Soil_CO2_Flux_1066

This data set reports soil CO2 flux and results of This data set reports soil CO2 flux and results of physical and chemical characterization of soils from pastures, secondary forests, and mature forests near Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. CO2 flux measurements were made in the field on a monthly basis at 16 sites from June of 1999 to January 2001. In addition, litter was collected monthly from 2001-2002 at each of the mature forest sites and at 4 of the secondary forest sites, and mean litter mass is reported. Soil samples were collected and analyzed from several land cover types at two sites during this same time period. There are four comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set. and chemical characterization of soils from pastures, secondary forests, and mature forests near Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. CO2 flux measurements were made in the field on a monthly basis at 16 sites from June of 1999 to January 2001. In addition, litter was collected monthly from 2001-2002 at each of the mature forest sites and at 4 of the secondary forest sites, and mean litter mass is reported. Soil samples were collected and analyzed from several land cover types at two sites during this same time period. There are four comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

ND02_Landsat_TM_MSS_Para_1156

This data set provides Landsat images of the county of Sao Francisco do Para located in the Bragantina region of Para, Brazil, the oldest agriculture frontier in Amazonia. These images are subsets for the municipio (county) and immediate region. There are seven GeoTIFF files (.tif) with this data set which includes two for July 24, 1984 multispectral scanner (MSS), one for June 21, 1994 thematic mapper Landsat 5 (TM5), three for July 13, 1999 thematic mapper Landsat 7 (TM7), and one TM for June 21, 1994.

ND02_Soil_Hydraulic_Conductivity_1075

This data set reports field estimated saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements from June 12 through June 20, 2001. This study was part of a rainfall exclusion experiment that was conducted from 1999-2001 at the km 67 Seca Floresta site, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. The objective of this component of the study was to develop an understanding of the physical processes driving the observed soil water dynamics at the site. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set.

ND02_Non_Woody_Biomass_1115

This data set reports biomass from small stems and non-woody vegetation measured from 1999 to 2005 in plots of a secondary-growth forest fertilization experiment. The study location was Fazenda Vitoria, 6.5-km northwest of the town of Paragominas, Para, Brazil, in a 6-year old secondary-growth forest. Vegetation life-forms with diameters less than or equal to 2 cm (grasses, herbs, vines and dead material) were destructively sampled in November 1999, June 2000, June 2001, July 2003, July 2004, and July 2005. All data are provided in a single comma-separated file. The site was divided into three blocks with four treatment plots (each 20m x 20m) located in each block (3 reps x 4 treatments = 12 plots). Three of the twelve plots were fertilized with nitrogen (100 kg N/ha as urea), three were fertilized with phosphorus (50 kg P/ha as superphosphate), three were fertilized with both nitrogen and phosphorus. The remaining three plots were not fertilized and served as the experimental control.

ND02_Tree_Heights_DBH_951

Understanding secondary successional processes in Amazonian terrestrial ecosystems is becoming increasingly important as continued deforestation expands the area that has become secondary forest, or at least has been through a recent phase of secondary forest growth. Most Amazonian soils are highly weathered and relatively nutrient poor, but the role of nutrients as a factor determining successional processes is unclear. Soils testing and chronosequence studies have yielded equivocal results regarding the possible role of nutrient limitation. The objective of this paper is to report the first two years' results of a nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization experiment in a 6-yr-old secondary forest growing on an abandoned cattle pasture on a clayey Oxisol. Growth of remnant grasses responded significantly to the N + P treatment, whereas tree biomass increased significantly following N-only and N + P treatments. The plants took up about 10% of the 50 kg P/ha of the first year's application, and recovery in soil fractions could account for the rest. The trees took up about 20% of the 100 kg N/ha of the first year's application. No changes in soil inorganic N, soil microbial biomass N, or litter decomposition rates have been observed so far, but soil faunal abundances increased in fertilized plots relative to the control in the second year of the study. A pulse of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions was measured in the N-treated plots only shortly after the second year's application. Net N mineralization and net nitrification assays demonstrated strong immobilization potential, indicating that much of the N was probably retained in the large soil organic-N pool. Although P availability is low in these soils and may partially limit biomass growth, the most striking result of this study so far is the significant response of tree growth to N fertilization. Repeated fire and other losses of N from degraded pastures may render tree growth N limited in some young Amazonian forests. Changes in species composition and monitoring of long-term effects on biomass accumulation will be addressed as this experiment is continued.

ND02_Soil_Gases_REE_1117

This data set reports soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations and soil volumetric water content (VWC) from a rainfall exclusion experiment that was conducted at the km 67 Seca Floresta site, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil. Samples were collected every two to three months. The purpose was to observe the potential effects of severe water stress on a humid Amazonian forest (Nepstad 2002). Data provided are from December 9, 1999, and April 2, 2000-June 14, 2002. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

ND02_REE_Trace_Gas_Tapajos_955

Moist tropical forests in Amazonia and elsewhere are subjected to increasingly severe drought episodes through the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and possibly through deforestation-driven reductions in rainfall. The effects of this trend on tropical forest canopy dynamics, emissions of greenhouse gases, and other ecological functions are potentially large but poorly understood. We established a throughfall exclusion experiment in an east-central Amazon forest (Tapajos National Forest, Brazil) to help understand these effects. After 1-year intercalibration period of two 1-ha forest plots, we installed plastic panels and wooden gutters in the understory of one of the plots, thereby excluding similar to 890 mm of throughfall during the exclusion period of 2000 (late January to early August) and similar to680 mm thus far in the exclusion period of 2001 (early January to late May). Average daily throughfall reaching the soil during the exclusion period in 2000 was 4.9 and 8.3 mm in the treatment and control plots and was 4.8 and 8.1 mm in 2001, respectively. During the first exclusion period, surface soil water content (0-2 m) declined by similar to100 mm, while deep soil water (2-11 m) was unaffected. During the second exclusion period, which began shortly after the dry season when soil water content was low, surface and deep soil water content declined by similar to140 and 160 mm, respectively. Although this depletion of soil water provoked no detectable increase in leaf drought stress (i.e., no reduction in predawn leaf water potential), photosynthetic capacity declined for some species, the canopy thinned (greater canopy openness and lower leaf area index) during the second exclusion period, stem radial growth of trees <15 m tall declined, and fine litterfall declined in the treatment plot, as did tree fruiting. Aboveground net primary productivity (NPP) (stemwood increment and fine litter production) declined by one fourth, from 15.1 to 11.4 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1), in the treatment plot and decreased slightly, from 11.9 to 11.5 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1), in the control plot. Stem respiration varied seasonally and was correlated with stem radial growth but showed no treatment response. The fastest response to the throughfall exclusion, and the surface soil moisture deficits that it provoked, was found in the soil itself. The treatment reduced N2O emissions and increased CH4 consumption relative to the control plot, presumably in response to the improved soil aeration that is associated with soil drying. Our hypothesis that NO emissions would increase following exclusion was not supported. The conductivity and alkalinity of water percolating through the litter layer and through the mineral soil to a depth of 200 cm was higher in the treatment plot, perhaps because of the lower volume of water that was moving through these soil layers in this plot. Decomposition of the litter showed no difference between plots. In sum, the small soil water reductions provoked during the first 2 years of partial throughfall exclusion were sufficient to lower aboveground NPP, including the stemwood increment that determines the amount of carbon stored in the forest. These results suggest that the net accumulation of carbon in mature Amazon forests indicated by recent permanent plot and eddy covariance studies may be very sensitive to small reductions in rainfall. The soil water reductions were also sufficient to increase soil emissions of N2O and to increase soil consumption of CH4-both radiatively important gases in the atmosphere.The possible reduction of tree reproductive activity points to potentially important effects of drought on the long-term species composition of Amazon forests.

ND02_Soil_Gas_Flux_Apeu_953

Changes in land-use and climate are likely to alter moisture and substrate availability in tropical forest soils, but quantitative assessment of the role of resource constraints as regulators of soil trace gas fluxes is rather limited. The primary objective of this study was to quantify the effects of moisture and substrate availability on soil trace gas fluxes in an Amazonian regrowth forest. We measured the efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) from soil in response to two experimental manipulations. In the first, we increased soil moisture availability during the dry season by irrigation; in the second, we decreased substrate availability by continuous removal of aboveground litter. In the absence of irrigation, soil CO2 efflux decreased during the dry season while irrigation maintained soil CO2 efflux levels similar to the wet season. Large variations in soil CO2 efflux consistent with a significant moisture constraint on respiration were observed in response to soil wet-up and dry-down events. Annual soil C efflux for irrigated plots was 27 and 13% higher than for control plots in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Litter removal significantly reduced soil CO2 efflux; annual soil C efflux in 2002 was 28% lower for litter removal plots compared to control plots. The annual soil C efflux: litterfall C ratio for the control treatment (4.0-5.2) was consistent with previously reported values for regrowth forests that indicate a relatively large belowground C allocation. In general, fluxes of N2O and CH4 were higher during the wet season and both fluxes increased during dry-season irrigation. There was no seasonal effect on NO fluxes. Litter removal had no significant impact on N oxide or CH4 emissions. Net soil nitrification did not respond to dry-season irrigation, but was somewhat reduced by litter removal. Overall, these results demonstrate significant soil moisture and substrate constraints on soil trace gas emissions, particularly for CO2, and suggest that climate and land-use changes that alter moisture and substrate availability are therefore likely to have an impact on atmosphere chemistry.

ND02_REE_Soil_VWC_1061

This data set reports monthly measured soil volumetric water content (VWC) from a rainfall exclusion experiment that was conducted from 1999-2001 at the km 67 Seca Floresta site, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil. The purpose was to observe the potential effects of severe water stress on a humid Amazonian forest (Nepstad 2002). There are two ASCII comma delimited files with measured VWC, one for the control plot and one for the rainfall exclusion plot. These measured values were used by the authors to develop a model of daily changes in the distribution of water through the soil layers. The simulated daily VWC values are also provided in the file with the measured VWC. For comparison, results of VWC simulation for the control and treatment plots using a STELLA model which incorporates rainfall and plant water uptake are provided. There are two ASCII comma delimited files of simulated results. See Belk et. al., 2007 for details.

ND02_Water_Chemistry_Paragominas_1067

This data set includes measurements of dissolved nutrient and organic carbon concentrations, as well as dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, conductivity, turbidity, pH, and discharge from three streams located in mixed land use (crop fields, pastures, secondary vegetation, and forest) and two streams in entirely forested landscapes near Paragominas in the state of Para, Brazil. Stream water samples were collected during two different periods: 1) weekly from August 1999 to July 2001 at location Igarape 54, Station 5 and 2) monthly from April 2003 through October 2005 at all of the stations. The exact start date and suite of measurements vary by location. In addition, samples from precipitation collectors at the Paragominas Meteorological Station were measured for nutrient concentrations every two weeks from 1999 to 2001. There are two comma delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

ND03_Flowpath_Chemistry_1076

This data set consists of water chemistry data from streams, wells, rainwater, and canopy throughfall samples. The field measurements were carried out at Rancho Grande in the Brazilian state of Rondonia, in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon basin, at two adjacent watersheds, a forest (1.37 ha), and pasture (0.73 ha). Samples were collected during one entire rainy season starting in August 2004 and ending in April 2005. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

ND03_Streams_Soilwater_1113

This data set provides the results of (1) the physical and chemical characterization of streams and (2) comparable chemical analyses of extracted soil water in the Aldeia River basin at Fazenda Nova Vida, a large cattle ranch 50 km from the city of Ariquemes, in central Rondonia, Brazil, from 1994-2001. Data are provided on the stream beds including cross-sectional depth and stream bed surface type. Stream discharge is reported. Streamwater was sampled and analyzed periodically over the eight year duration of the study at numerous steam locations. Soil solution samples were collected at the same frequency with lysimeters placed at 30 cm and 100 cm depths on the floodplain and at upland forest and pasture sites in the Aldeia River watershed. There are five comma-delimited data files in this data set.

ND04_Soil_H2O_Manaus_1246

This data set contains soil water measurements to a depth of 3 meters for the years 1999, 2000, and 2001, and total monthly precipitation data for 1999-2000. The data were collected from a pasture site located at the Embrapa Pasture Research Site, a former cattle research station 54 km north of Manaus on the highway BR 174 Manaus-Boa Vista, Brazil. There are three comma-separated data files (.csv) with this data set. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products. KNOWN PROBLEMS: There is no associated research documentation and the units were not provided with the data.

ND04_C_Nutrient_Stocks_1069

This data set reports the carbon and nutrient stocks of above-ground vegetation and soil pools at three locations where post-pasture secondary forest recovery ranged from 0 to 14 years since abandonment. These sites are located in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, along the road BR-174 north of the city of Manaus within three fazendas (cattle ranches) now in various stages of grazing, pasture abandonment, or pasture reclamation: Fazenda Rodao (km 46), Embrapa-District of SUFRAMA (DAS) pasture research site (km 53) and Fazenda Dimona (km 72). From September 2000 to July 2001, measurements were obtained for aboveground biomass (cite ND-04 Sec For Recovery), foliage and wood samples were collected and analyzed for total nutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg) concentrations, and soil samples from 0 to 45 cm depth were collected and analyzed for total nutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg) concentrations. Total carbon (C) and nutrient stocks were calculated for various vegetation and soil pools to gain an understanding of the dynamics of nutrient and C buildup in regenerating secondary forests in central Amazonia (Feldpausch et al., 2004). There are 2 comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set.

ND04_Secondary_Forest_Recovery_1068

This data set reports measurements of the canopy and structure of secondary forests regenerating from abandoned pastures. These secondary forests are located in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, along the road BR-174 north of the city of Manaus within three fazendas (cattle ranches) now in various stages of grazing, pasture abandonment, or pasture reclamation: Fazenda Rodao (km 46), Embrapa-District of SUFRAMA (DAS) pasture research site (km 53), and Fazenda Dimona (km 72). Ten secondary forest study sites were selected within the three fazendas where post-pasture forest recovery ranged from 0 to 14 years since abandonment. From 2000-2001 estimates of leaf area index (LAI) and canopy cover were derived from hemispherical canopy digital photographs, and estimates of aboveground biomass and basal area were derived utilizing allometric equations from diameter at breast height (DBH) measurements. Estimates were classified by growth-form and diameter class. See Feldpausch et al. (2005) for more information. There are four comma-delimited data files with this data set and one companion file with information regarding the allometric equations relating diameter at breast height (for dbh > 5 cm) to dry weight for biomass calculations.

ND04_Termite_Mounds_1072

This data set reports the results of a comprehensive study of mound building termites at the Embrapa research station in the Distrito Agropecuario da SUFRAMA, located at km 53 of the federal highway BR 174 outside Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Study areas included a primary forest site, an adjacent 7-8 year old secondary forest site, and two abandoned pasture sites which were being used for agroforest purposes. Reported are (1) the termite species occurrence and areal abundance of mounds, (2) characterization of the mound soil microbiological community, root biomass, seedling emergence success, soil respiration, nitrogen mineralization, and (3) the characterization of the termite mound soil physical, chemical, and hydraulic properties. Analyses were also performed on samples from adjacent control soils for comparison. This data set contains 15 comma-delimited data files.

ND06_LandUse_Studies_1130

This data set provides measurements of soil properties compiled from 39 studies on nutrient dynamics in natural forests and forest-derived land uses (pasture, shifting cultivation and tree plantations) conducted in Amazonia over the period of 1950-2001. The initial literature survey for the data consisted of more than 100 studies conducted during this period. The objectives of this project were to compare soil data from major land uses across Amazonia and identify gaps in present knowledge that offer direction for future research. Five widely cited hypotheses were tested concerning the effects of land-use change on soil properties by analyzing data compiled from 39 studies in multi-factorial ANOVA models: ?¢ effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), and exchangeable calcium (Ca) concentrations rise and remain elevated following the slash-and-burn conversion of forest to pasture or crop fields ¢ soil contents of total carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and inorganic readily (i.e., Bray, Mehlich I or resin) extractable phosphorus (Pi) decline following forest-to-pasture conversion ?¢ soil concentrations of total C, N, and Pi increase in secondary forests with time since abandonment from agricultural activities ?¢ soil nutrient conditions under all tree-dominated land-use systems (natural or not) remain the same ?¢ higher efficiencies of nutrient utilization occur where soil nutrient pools are lower There is one comma-delimited ASCII file (.csv) with this data set and a list of the 39 studies used in this data set provided as a companion file in text format.

ND07_15N_Leaves_Soils_1121

This data set provides (1) delta 15N ratios and nitrogen concentrations for foliar samples and (2) delta 13C and delta 15N ratios as well as carbon and nitrogen concentrations for soil samples collected from cerrado sites within the Ecological Reserve of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistic (IBGE), Brasilia, Brazil. Foliar samples, collected from 320 individuals representing 45 woody tree and shrub species, and soil samples were collected from 5 cerrado locations (2 in campo sujo, 2 in cerrado denso and 1 in cerrado). Soil samples were collected to 450 cm depth in the campo sujo and 800 cm depth elsewhere. Samples were collected during the period December 1999 to September 2000. Eiten (1972) described campo sujo as an open savanna with scattered trees and shrubs, cerrado sensu stricto as a savanna woodland with abundant evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs and an herbaceous understory, and cerrado denso as medium to tall woodlands with closed or semiclosed canopies (Bustamante et al., 2004). There are two comma-delimited data files with this data set.

ND07_Stream_Chemistry_Brasilia_1018

This data set reports on dissolved nutrient concentrations, as well as dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, conductivity, turbidity, and pH measured in water samples collected from nine streams located in the state of Brasilia, Brazil, between September, 2004 and December, 2006. Streams were located in different land cover types including natural (forest), rural (agricultural), and developed landscapes. In addition, water samples from wells, lysimeters, surface runoff, and precipitation were collected from four sites, 2 natural and 2 rural, and analyzed for nutrient concentrations. Streams were sampled every 2-4 weeks; rain water was collected approximately monthly during the wet season and once during a dry season; wells and lysimeters were sampled monthly; and surface runoff collections were event based. There are three comma-delimited data files with this data set.

ND07_PLFA_Soils_Microbial_Biomass_1017

This data set reports the microbial biomass in soil samples collected from the Cerrado, a woodlands-savannah area, in Brasilia, Brazil. Microbial biomass was determined as the total concentration of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). Soil samples (0-5 cm) were collected from June, 2000 to June, 2001 in two native areas of Cerrado that were subjected to a range of fire regimes. Two plots were protected from fire since 1973, another two plots were subjected to prescribed fires every two years since 1992, and a fifth plot was in a 20 year-old active pasture (Brachiaria brizantha). The analyses were conducted to determine the effects of fire regimes and changes in vegetation cover on the microbial communities of Cerrada soils. There is one comma-separated ASCII data file with this data set.

ND07_NO_Flux_Cerrado_1124

This data set reports the results of soil nitric oxide (NO) flux, soil moisture, and soil nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4) concentration measurements on Cerrado soils receiving nitrogen fertilization. Measurements and samples were collected from control and fertillized experimental plots on Cerrado soils within the Ecological Reserve of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistic (IBGE), Brasilia, Brazil. Sampling dates were from March 26, 2004 to November 25, 2004. The soils had received nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization treatments which began in 1998. The objective of this project was to determine the long-term effects of nutrient addition (N and N+P) in native Cerrado area on N oxide fluxes from soil to the atmosphere. There is one comma delimited (.csv) ASCII file with this data set.

ND07_Trace_Gas_Land_Use_1016

This data set reports on soil-atmosphere fluxes of trace carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide (CO2, CO, N2O, NO) under various natural and manipulated land use conditions. The studies were conducted near Brasilia, Brazil in pastures and agricultural areas under a variety of management regimes and in more natural areas of cerrado (20-50% canopy cover) and campo sujo (open, grass-dominated), which were either burned every 2 years or protected from fire. Results provide data and relationships needed for regional trace gas models. There are nine comma-separated ASCII data files with this data set.

ND08_Biomass_Jari_1148

This data set reports the concentrations of the nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) in roots, litterfall, leaves, and twigs, biomass of fine roots and litterfall, and the decomposition of leaves and twigs in samples that were collected on the property of Jari Celulose, Monte Dourado, Para, Brazil, from 1999-2001. Samples were collected from two study sites, a eucalyptus plantation and an adjacent primary forest, during both rainy and dry seasons. Roots were sampled from three depths (0-15 cm, 35-50 cm, and 85-100 cm). There are five comma-delimited data files with this data set. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products. KNOWN PROBLEMS: The data files do not identify the year in which samples were collected. The methods for nutrient, decomposition, and biomass sampling and analyses were not provided. The data file descriptions indicate that samples were collected from two soil types (sandy and clay) but there is no documentation of which data field provides that information. Also, there is no documentation for the Location or Block fields in the data files.

ND08_Soil_Respiration_1250

This data set provides (1) carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentration measurements of two soil aggregate fractions (250-2000 micon, small macro-aggregates (SMAG)), and (53-250 micron (micro-aggregates (mico)) and (2) in situ soil respiration measurements (January-March 2003) on sand and clay soils from a Eucalyptus plantation and an adjacent primary forest. The soils for fractionation were sampled in July 2001 from 0-20 cm and 30-50 cm depths. The research site was on the property of Jari Celulose, Monte Dourado, Para, Brazil. There are two files with this data set in comma-delimited (.csv) format.

ND10_Soil_Chemistry_1171

This data set provides the results of soil physical property and chemical measurements of samples collected from two pasture chronosequences (years since conversion from primary forest) located on two ranches south of Santarem, Para, Brazil, and east of the Tapajos River. Soil data includes soil classification, bulk density, texture, and mean concentrations of total nitrogen (N), carbon (C), phosphorus (P), and P fractions. The soils were high clay oxisols and highly sandy entisols. One chronosequence of sites was established on oxisol soils dating 2, 7, and 15 years since conversion from primary forest. A second set of sites, 1, 7, and 15 years old was established on the sandy entisols. Five of the six pasture sites were on a single ranch; the 2-year-old oxisol pasture was the exception. Ten soil samples per site were collected from 0-10 cm depth along random intervals within 100-m transects in August 1997. There are two comma-delimited (.csv) data files with this data set.

ND11_Veg_Biomass_MT_964

Not available.

ND11_Logging_Damage_MT_977

Data were collected in the logging concession at the Fazenda Rohsamar in the municipality of Juruena in northwestern Mato Grosso. Estimates of damage associated with logging operations were made after logging operations were complete in 2003 and 2004. Damage associated with gaps created by felling single trees was estimated in 54 individual gaps. Characteristics of the single harvested tree were recorded and included species, DBH, commercial height, total height, and canopy proportions. Damage to all surrounding trees was recorded. Stratified transects in two logging blocks were used to estimate damage associated with road building and skid trails. Twenty-six transects were established in Block 5 and 21 transects in Block 18 to assess the frequency of damage by log skidders and tree felling. The boundaries between different types of damage were noted along the transect and the length in meters of that damage type along the transect was recorded. From this information, the area of the logging block affected by road building and skid trails was determined. The Gap Survey and the Logging Damage Transects Survey data are provided in comma-separated ASCII files. A third file provides the coordinates of the starting points for the Survey Transects.

ND11_Soil_Nitrate_Moisture_MT_976

This data set reports the results of the analysis of soil samples for Nitrate (NO3) and physical properties that were collected for one year following reduced impact logging in logging concessions at the Fazenda Rohsamar in the municipality of Juruena in northwestern Mato Grosso. Sample locations were randomly selected from stratified regions of the 1,400 ha Block 5 to account for local scale soil variability. Soil samples were collected to 8-m depth in (1) nine gaps formed by single tree removal and (2) nine areas of undisturbed primary forest. Areas of undisturbed forest were confined to patches of forest within Block 5 that were protected from logging. An additional 3 forested areas were sampled to 3-m depth that contained high sand content. These results quantified the effects of reduced impact logging, to test whether nitrogen (N) loss from leaves and coarse woody debris under reduced impact logging results in a significant accumulation of subsoil nitrate (Feldpausch et al., 2009). One comma separated data file contains the soil moisture results and a second file the soil NO3 content and soil physical properties.

ND11_Nitrogen_Transfer_Leaf_Litter_915

It has been proposed that the C/N ratio, or quality, of litter or mulch mixtures affects N release. Although total N release from these mixtures and the effects on soil N are relatively well understood, a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between litter species with respect to their N release is still lacking. This study examines decomposition and N dynamics in mixtures of high-quality leguminous mulch, gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth. ex Walp.] with a C/N ratio of 13, and low-quality cupuacu [Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild. ex Spring) Schumann] litter with a C/N ratio of 42, which occur in combination in agroforestry systems. Ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50, 20:80, 0:100 of fresh 15N-enriched gliricidia leaves and senescent cupuacu leaves, totaling the same dry weight of 6.64 t ha-1, were applied to an Oxisol and sampled at 6, 14, 38, and 96 days after application. After more than 40% of the N in the gliricidia leaves had been released and the microbial biomass N reached its peak, a significant increase in available soil N occurred at day 14, which was more pronounced with greater amounts of gliricidia in the leaf mixture. However, relative to the N applied in the leaf mixture, there was no significant difference in available soil N with greater proportions of gliricidia. Total N release from the mixtures corresponded to the total N applied by gliricidia. Until day 38, cupuaçu C mineralization was significantly faster in the presence of the highest proportion of gliricidia compared to lower proportions. This faster C mineralization of more than 0.5% per day, however, did not increase total C loss or N release from cupuaçu leaves after 96 days. The use of 15N tracers identified an N transfer from gliricidia leaves and the soil to cupuaçu leaves and consequently, a lower N release from gliricidia to the soil in the presence of cupuaçu leaves. Though we expected that available N in the soil would also decrease with greater amounts of cupuaçu litter in the mixture, our results indicated an additive effect of the two species on N release and soil mineral N, with gross interactions between them canceling net interactive effects. Therefore, N release of leaf mixtures behaved as predicted from a calculated sum of individual release patterns, in spite of a transfer of N from the high- to the low-quality leaves.

ND11_Carbon_Export_CPOM_913

Resolving the carbon (C) balance in the Amazonian forest depends on an improved quantification of production and losses of particulate C from forested landscapes via stream export. The main goal of this work was to quantify litterfall, the lateral movement of litter, and the export of coarse organic particulate matter (>2 mm) in four small watersheds (1-2 ha) under native forest in southern Amazonia near Juruena, Mato Grosso, Brazil (10°25 S, 58°46 W). Mean litterfall production was 11.8 Mg ha-1 y-1 (5.7 Mg C ha-1 y-1). Litterfall showed strong seasonality, with the highest deposition in the driest months of the year. About two times more C per month was deposited on the forest floor during the 6-mo dry season (0.65 Mg C ha-1 mo-1) compared to the rainy season (0.3 Mg C ha-1 mo-1). The measured C concentration of the litterfall samples was greater in the dry season than in the rainy season (49% vs. 46%, P < 0.05). The lateral movement of litter increased from the plateau (upper landscape position) towards the riparian zone. However, the trend in C concentration of laterally transported litter samples was the opposite, being highest on the plateau (44%) and lowest in the riparian zone (42%) (P < 0.05). Stream-water exports of particulate C were positively correlated with streamflow, increasing in the rainiest months. The export of particulate C in streamflow was found to be very small (less than 1%) in relation to the amount of litterfall produced.

ND11_Tree_Vine_Biomass_MT_922

The purpose of this study was to determine if spatially-explicit commercial timber inventories (CTI) could be used in conjunction with satellite imagery to improve timber assessments and forest biomass estimates in Amazonia. As part of a CTI, all commercial trees >= 45 cm DBH were measured and georeferenced in 3500 ha of a logging concession in NW Mato Grosso, Brazil. A scientific inventory was conducted of all trees and palms >= 10 cm DBH in 11.1 ha of this area. A total of > 20,000 trees were sampled for both inventories. To characterize vegetation radiance and topographic features, regional LANDSAT TM and ASTER images were obtained. Using a stream network derived from the ASTER-based 30 m digital elevation model (DEM), a procedure was developed to predict areas excluded from logging based on reduced impact logging (RIL) criteria. A topographic index (TI) computed from the DEM was used to identify areas with similar hydrologic regimes and to distinguish upland and lowland areas. Some timber species were associated with convergent landscape positions (i.e., higher TI values). There were significant differences in timber density and aboveground biomass (AGB) in upland (6.0 stems ha(-1), 33 Mg ha(-1)) versus lowland (5.4 stems ha(-1), 29 Mg ha(-1)) areas. Upland and lowland, and timber and non-timber areas could be distinguished through single and principal component analysis of LANDSAT bands. However, radiance differences between areas with and without commercial timber on a sub-hectare scale were small, indicating LANDSAT images would have limited utility for assessing commercial timber distribution at this scale. Assuming a 50 m stream buffer, areas protected from logging ranged from 7% (third order streams and above) to 28% (first order and above) of the total area. There was a strong positive relationship between AGB based on the scientific inventory of all trees and from the commercial timber, indicating that the CTI could be used in conjunction with limited additional sampling to predict total AGB (276 Mg ha(-1)). The methods developed in this study could be useful for facilitating commercial inventory practices, understanding the relationship of tree species distribution to landscape features, and improving the novel use of CTIs to estimate AGB.

ND11_Soil_Spatial_Variability_914

The northwestern region of Mato Grosso State consists of complex landscapes due to ongoing geomorphologic activity that contributes to the occurrence of different soil classes over small distances, which complicates soil sampling strategies. This study was conducted in Juruena (MT), with the objective of identifying pedologic classes in undisturbed forested headwater catchments by examining the spatial variability of soil texture and color, and taking elevation and topographic position into consideration. The spatial variability of soil texture and color were determined for 185 georeferenced sample points from a 20 x 20 m grid over the four headwater catchments. By sampling each location at depths of 0-20 and 40-60 cm it was possible to distinguish and map the principle soil classes found in the study area to the 2nd category level of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification, associated with the topographic relief. A satisfactory relationship between the redness index of the diagnostic horizons and the soil class colors was also found. The small headwater catchments contained the soil classes Plintossolos and Argissolos (of plinthic character) at altitudes below 280 m, and Latossolos at higher elevations. In this way, the use of geostatistics to map soil classes proved effective, as well as to estimate the precision of the resulting maps. Nevertheless, pedologic knowledge and a follow-up field validation of the resulting maps are necessary for an application as well as adjustments to the geostatistical models.

ND11_Soil_Water_Pressure_851

This data set contains information that can be used to examine water fluxes in soils beneath tree crops in an Amazonian agroforest. The data consists of repeated measurements of soil matrix pressure and soil moisture content at several depths. The study was carried out at the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embrapa)-Amazônia Ocidental, 29 km North of Manaus, Brazil (3° 8' S, 59° 52' W, 40 - 50 m above sea level), in 1998 and 1999.Microaggregated tropical soils have shown high water conductivity even under unsaturated conditions in laboratory experiments. It is not clear, however, what depth the infiltrating soil water reaches during storm events under humid tropical conditions. Dynamics and fluxes of water were determined with high temporal resolution to a depth of 5 m in a Xanthic Hapludox of central Amazonia, Brazil. The soil water percolated to a depth of 0.9 m within 2 h of a rainfall event of 48 mm. Water fluxes were significantly slower below 0.9 m (17% of infiltration at 0 - 0.9 m) due to higher bulk densities. Percolation not only started rapidly after a rainfall event when soil water suction reached a certain threshold (ca. 20 - 30 hPa) but was also reduced to background levels less than 1 h after the rain had ended. The demonstrated extremely short-term dynamics of water fluxes have implications for measurement design of water availability and solute leaching in microaggregated tropical soil that require correct time integrals of solution concentrations and soil water dynamics. Measurement intervals of 30 min or less were necessary in our study. Rapid water flows may explain the observed high nutrient losses from the topsoil of microaggregated tropical soil and the large accumulation of nutrients in the deep soil (> 5 m).

ND11_Stream_Nutrients_921

This data set contains baseflow streamwater concentrations of pH, specific conductivity, base cations, carbon (dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and bicarbonate alkalinity) and silica for four headwater streams in the seasonally dry Amazon (Johnson et al. (2006a) and Johnson et al. (2006b). Data are provided in one comma-separated ASCII file. This hydrologic study of four headwater watersheds was conducted in an undisturbed forest near Juruena, Mato Grosso in the seasonally dry, southern Amazon. The small catchments range in size from 0.85 to 1.9 ha. Stream water samples were collected weekly during rainy seasons and biweekly during the dry seasons. Baseflow stream water concentrations of base cations, silica, electrical conductivity, DOC, and alkalinity varied inversely with discharge. While there was variation among the watersheds, the concentration-discharge patterns were consistent for each of the four watersheds. Baseflow discharge data are not included in this data set and will be archived separately.

ND30_Pasture_Degradation_1164

This data set contains images of fractional cover estimates of photosynthetic vegetation (PV) canopy, nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and exposed soils (S) derived from Landsat images (30-m resolution) obtained for two ranches in the Brazilian Amazon from 1996 to 2002. The Fazenda Vitoria ranch is located in eastern Para near the city of Paragominas and is a mosaic of primary forest, logged forest, secondary forest, and pasture with moderately dissected topography. The Fazenda Nova Vida ranch is located in the state of Rondonia in western Amazonia and is a mosaic of primary forest, logged forest, and pastures. For Fazenda Vitoria, two dry-season Landsat images were obtained, subset, and analyzed. For Nova Vida three dry-season images and one end-of-wet-season image were obtained, subset, and analyzed. Spectral mixture analysis, which decomposes individual satellite pixels into constituent cover fractions of surface materials, was used with a general probabilistic modeling approach to derive subpixel cover fractions of PV, NPV, and S. There are six GeoTIFF (.tif) files with this data set.

ND30_Litter_Para_1129

This data set provides fine litterfall mass and nutrient concentrations from samples collected at chronosequences established at Sao Francisco do Para and Capitao Poco, Para, Brazil. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were determined for litterfall samples from the Sao Francisco do Para, and N, P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations are reported for samples from the Capitao Poco. In addition, carbon (C), N, delta C13, and delta N15 values were determined for leaves from the dominant species of the forests at Sao Francisco do Para; soil physical and chemical characteristics were determined for a subset of the chronosequence plots at the two study sites; and soil trace gas fluxes were determined from the Sao Francisco do Para site. All samples were collected between March 2001-February 2005. Trace gas fluxes were measured 10 times between October 2000 and June 2002 with 5 sample periods in dry season and 5 in wet season months. There are five comma-delimited data files with this data set.

ND30_REE_Water_Chemistry_1131

This data set reports the results of chemical analyses of rainfall, throughfall, litter leachate, and soil water samples collected before, during, and after a rainfall exclusion experiment conducted at the km 67 Seca Floresta site, Tapajos National Forest, Brazil. Samples were collected every two weeks from May 17, 1999 through May 10, 2006. Measurements included alkalinity, conductivity, pH, and selected anions and cations analyzed by ion chromatography. The exclusion treatment, began in late January 2000 and continued through December 2004, involved diverting about 60% of throughfall (equivalent to approximately half the rainfall) from a 1-hectare plot using plastic panels installed in the understory. The comparable 1-hectare control plot was unaltered. The purpose was to observe the potential effects of severe water stress on a humid Amazonian forest (Nepstad et al., 2002 and Nepstad et al., 2007). There are five comma-delimited data files with this data set.

TG02_Balloon_VOC_1110

This data set reports concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) collected from tethered balloon-sampling platforms above selected forest and pasture sites in the Brazilian Amazon in March 1998, February 1999, and February 2000. The air samples were collected from forested sites in Brazil: the Tapajos forest (Para) in the Tapajos/Xingu moist forest; Balbina (Amazonas) in the Uatuma moist forest; and Jaru (Rondonia) in the Purus/Madeira moist forest. Two other sites were also located in Rondonia: at a forest reserve (Rebio Jaru) and a pasture (Fazenda Nossa Senhora Aparecida). The BVOCs measured included isoprene, alpha and beta pinene, camphene, sabinene, myrcene, limonene, and other monoterpenes. Approximately 24 to 40 soundings, including as many as four VOC samples collected simultaneously at various altitudes, were made at each site. There is one comma-delimited data file with this data set.

TG03_AERONET_AOT_1128

This data set includes aerosol optical thickness measurements from the CIMEL sunphotometer for 22 sites in Brazil during the period from 1993-2005. The AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) program is an inclusive federation of ground-based remote sensing aerosol networks established by AERONET and the PHOtométrie pour le Traitement Opérationnel de Normalisation Satellitaire (PHOTONS) and greatly expanded by AEROCAN (the Canadian sunphotometer network) and other agency, institute and university partners. The goal is to assess aerosol optical properties and validate satellite retrievals of aerosol optical properties. The network imposes standardization of instruments, calibration, and processing. Data from this collaboration provides globally distributed observations of spectral aerosol optical depths, inversion products, and precipitable water in geographically diverse aerosol regimes. Three levels of data are available from the AERONET website: Level 1.0 (unscreened), Level 1.5 (cloud-screened), and Level 2.0 (cloud-screened and quality-assured). Data provided here are Level 2.0. There are 22 comma-delimited data files with this data set and one companion text file which contains the latitude, longitude, and elevation of the 22 sites.

TG03_Aeronet_Solar_Flux_1137

This data set includes solar surface irradiance from Kipp and Zonen CM-21 pyranometers, both total unfiltered and filtered (RG695), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from Skye-Probetech SKE-510 PAR sensors. Measurements were made at six sites acrosss the Brazilian Amazon during the period from 1999 to 2004. These sites were co-located with AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) program sites. There are 17 comma-delimited data files (.csv) with this data set. The AERONET program is an inclusive federation of ground-based remote sensing aerosol networks established by AERONET and the PHOtometrie pour le Traitement Operationnel de Normalisation Satellitaire (PHOTONS) and greatly expanded by AEROCAN (the Canadian sunphotometer network) and other agency, institute and university partners. The goal is to assess aerosol optical properties and validate satellite retrievals of those properties. The network imposes standardization of instruments, calibration, and processing.

TG05_CASA_1199

This data set provides maps produced from model output data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (NASA-CASA) model and other modeling approaches. The maps include estimated annual Net Primary Production (ANPP), leaf (live) biomass carbon, wood (live) biomass carbon, fine root (live) biomass carbon, metabolic leaf litter (dead) carbon, structural leaf litter (dead) carbon, woody detritus (dead) carbon, and slow soil carbon, gridded at half-degree spatial resolution for the years 1982-1998, and 2001 (NPP data) for Brazil. Maps are provided at one-degree resolution for monthly soil emissions and soil uptake of N2O, NO, CO, and CH4. In addition, there are maps in 8-km resolution for soil texture, soil carbon, soil pH, soil maximum plant available water (paw), and net primary productivity (NPP). There are three files with this data set in tar.gz format. The files are in half-degree, one-degree, and 8-km resolution. When expanded, the half degree and one degree files contain 83 map files in GeoTIFF (.tif) format. The third file (8-km resolution) contains the soil and productivity maps. When expanded, this file contains 22 files in GeoTIFF (.tif) format.

TG06_Vertical_Profiles_1175

This data set contains measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) collected from December 2000-November 2005 as vertical profiles above three sites in Brazil: Fortaleza, Santarem, and Manaus. At Santarem, ascending profiles were made above the Tapajos National Forest, near the km 67 Tower Site. At Manaus, ascending profiles were made above the K34 flux tower (aka, ZF2 km 34 tower) to the northwest of the city of Manaus. Descending profiles were flown nearby, but at locations upwind of population centers to avoid possible pollution. Fortaleza samples were collected off the coast, over the Atlantic Ocean to sample background air before it flows over the Amazon Basin. Air samples were collected as discrete samples aboard light aircraft and shipped to laboratories for analysis relative to internationally accepted calibration standards. There are three comma-delimited (.csv) data files with this data set.

TG07_Fallen_Standing_Necromass_998

This data set reports the characterization of fallen necromass as the volume and density of coarse woody debris (CWD), and standing necromass as the volume and density of standing dead trees. Measurements were made in undisturbed and logged forest areas of the Tapajos National Forest, and Cauaxi Forest, Para, Brazil, and Juruena Forest, Mato Grosso, Brazil from 2002-2004. Fallen and standing necromass were classified into one of five categories according to its state of decomposition. There are two comma-delimited ASCII data files with this data set: two files contain the sampling information, decomposition state, and DBH measurements. There are also two files provided as companion data files which provide sampling transect descriptions.

TG07_Soil_Nutrients_1085

This data set reports phosphorus (P), carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) nutrient pool concentrations for forest soils and roots and P pool concentrations for forest floor litter, soil solutions, and microbial extracts. Soils samples were also extracted using the Hedley sequential fractionation method and the extracts analyzed for P. Nutrient pool concentrations are presented on an areal basis of 1 hectare to a depth of 10 cm, as calculated from soil bulk densities and respective pool biomass quantities. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set. These measurements were made during a soil P addition fertilization experiment conducted at the km 83 site, Tapajos National Forest, Para, Brazil. Control and fertilized plots were established in both sandy loam and clay soils. Soil cores were collected every 4 months from August 1999 through April 2000 (McGroddy et al. 2008).

TG07_STM_GLAS_836

This data set provides the results of a GLAS (the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) forest structure validation survey conducted in Santarem and Sao Jorge, Para during November 2004 (Lefsky et al., 2005). DBH, total height, commercial height, canopy width and canopy class description were measured for 11 primary forest sites in Santarem along two 75m transects per GLAS measurement. For 10 secondary forest sites in Sao Jorge, the number of stems 0-2cm, 2-5cm, 5-10cm, and greater than 10cm were measured. For all stems greater than 10cm the DBH was measured, and for all sites, the maximum height was recorded. The basal area was calculated for all trees with DBH greater than 10cm within our transects, and biomass was calculated using the Brown, 1997 formula.Exchange of carbon between forests and the atmosphere is a vital component of the global carbon cycle. Satellite laser altimetry has a unique capability for estimating forest canopy height, which has a direct and increasingly well understood relationship to aboveground carbon storage.

TG07_FFT_Survey_Km83_923

Changes in the biomass of Amazon region forests represent an important component of the global carbon cycle but the biomass of these forests remains poorly quantified. We examined forest survey data for trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 35 cm from 4 plots with a total area of 392 ha in the Tapajos National Forest near Santarem, Para, Brazil (S 3.04, W 54.95). The average frequency of trees greater than 35 cm DBH was approximately 55 ha^-1. Based on tree diameter data, allometric relations, and published relations for biomass in other compartments besides trees of DBH > 35 cm, we estimated a total biomass density of 372 Mg ha^-1. Trees with diameters greater than 35 cm DBH accounted for about half of the total biomass. This estimate includes all live and dead plant material above and below ground with the exception of soil organic matter. We propagated errors in sampling and those associated with allometric relations and other ratios used to estimate biomass of roots, lianas and epiphytes, and necromass. The major sources of uncertainty in our estimate were found in the allometric relations for trees with DBH greater than 35 cm, in the estimates of numbers of trees with DBH less than 35 cm, and in root biomass. In the worst case, we estimate an uncertainty in this value of about 40%. Simulated sampling based on our full survey, suggests that we could have estimated mean biomass per hectare for trees (DBH greater than 35 cm) to within 20% with 95% confidence by sampling 21 randomly selected 0.25 ha plots in our study area.

TG07_Litter_Decomposition_925

Once the weathering of parent material ceases to supply significant inputs of phosphorus (P), vegetation depends largely on the decomposition of litter and soil organic matter and the associated mineralization of organic P forms to provide an adequate supply of this essential nutrient. At the same time, the decomposition of litter is often characterized by the immobilization of nutrients, suggesting that nutrient availability is a limiting factor for this process. Immobilization temporally decouples nutrient mineralization from decomposition and may play an important role in nutrient retention in low-nutrient ecosystems. In this study, we used a common substrate to study the effects of native soil P availability as well as artificially elevated P availability on litter decomposition rates in a lowland Amazonian rain forest on highly weathered soils. Although both available and total soil P pools varied almost three fold across treatments, there was no significant difference in decomposition rates among treatments. Decomposition was rapid in all treatments, with approximately 50% of the mass lost over the 11-month study period. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) remaining and C:N ratios were the most effective predictors of amount of mass remaining at each time point in all treatments. Fertilized treatments showed significant amounts of P immobilization (P < 0.001). By the final collection point, the remaining litter contained a quantity equivalent to two-thirds of the initial P and N, even though only half of the original mass remained. In these soils, immobilization of nutrients in the microbial biomass, late in the decomposition process, effectively prevents the loss of essential nutrients through leaching or occlusion in the mineral soil.

TG07_Root_Mortality_Longterm_1116

This data set reports measurements of trace gas fluxes of methane (CH4), nitric oxide (N2O), nitrous oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2) from soils at a study site in the Tapajos National Forest (TNF), near the km 83 on the Santarem-Cuiaba Highway south of Santarem, Para, Brazil. Data for root mass and carbon content, soil nitrogen (N), nitrification, and moisture content are also provided. There are five comma-delimited data files with this data set. The research was conducted to test the effects of root mortality on the soil-atmosphere trace-gas fluxes over the course of one year. Root mortality was induced by isolating blocks of land to 1 m depth using trenching and root exclusion screening. Gas fluxes were measured weekly for ten weeks following the trenching treatment and monthly for the remainder of the year. Note: The related data set LBA-ECO TG-07 Soil Trace Gas Flux and Root Mortality, Tapajos National Forest contains the same flux data that were measured weekly for ten weeks following the trenching treatment. This data set also provides the monthly data for the remainder of the year.

TG07_Trace_Gas_Profiles_1107

This data set provides concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from air samples collected at several heights on towers at three locations in upland old growth forests in the Brazilian Amazon during the wet and dry seasons of 2004 and 2005. Towers are located in the Caxiuana National Forest, in the state of Amazonas; the Manaus, Para, site in the Cuieiras Reserve; and the Sinop site, located north of that city in the state of Mato Grosso. Two sampling campaigns were conducted at each location. Samples were collected from each height 3-5 times on several nights and at least once during well-mixed daytime conditions during each campaign for a total of 75 profiles on 19 dates. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set.

TG07_Autochamber_Soil_CO2_Flux_Km67_927

The net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide was measured by eddy covariance methods for 3 years in two old-growth forest sites near Santarem, Brazil. Carbon was lost in the wet season and gained in the dry season, which was opposite to the seasonal cycles of both tree growth and model predictions. The 3-year average carbon loss was 1.3 (confidence interval: 0.0 to 2.0) megagrams of carbon per hectare per year. Biometric observations confirmed the net loss but imply that it is a transient effect of recent disturbance superimposed on long-term balance. Given that episodic disturbances are characteristic of old-growth forests, it is likely that carbon sequestration is lower than has been inferred from recent eddy covariance studies at undisturbed sites.

TG07_Root_Mortality_Experiment_924

We conducted an experiment on sand and clay tropical forest soils to test the short-term effect of root mortality on the soil-atmosphere flux of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide. We induced root mortality by isolating blocks of land to 1 m using trenching and root exclusion screening. Gas fluxes were measured weekly for ten weeks following the trenching treatment. For nitrous oxide there was a highly significant increase in soil-atmosphere flux over the ten weeks following treatment for trenched plots compared to control plots. N2O flux averaged 37.5 and 18.5 ng N cm-2 h-1 from clay trenched and control plots and 4.7 and 1.5 ng N cm-2 h-1 from sand trenched and control plots. In contrast, there was no effect for soil-atmosphere flux of nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, or methane.

TG07_Manual_Flux_Km67_1026

Trace gas fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide (CO2, CH4, N2O, and NO) from surface soil were measured manually in an undisturbed forest at the Tapajos National Forest Seca-Floresta Site, which is within the footprint of the km 67 eddy flux tower. Measurements were made in January 2000 through April 2004, approximately twice per month. On each sampling date, up to four sets of 30-m lines were established off the existing transects at the Seca-Floresta site. Along each line eight chambers were installed for gas collection. In addition soil samples were collected for analysis of soil moisture as water-filled pore space (WFPS). There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set.

TG07_Soil-Atmosphere_Flux_Km83_926

Selective logging is an extensive land use in the Brazilian Amazon region. We studied the soil-atmosphere fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) on two soil types (clay Oxisol and sandy loam Ultisol) over two years (2000-2001)in both undisturbed forest and forest recently logged using reduced impact forest management in the Tapajos National Forest, near Santarem, Para, Brazil. In undisturbed forest, annual soil-atmosphere fluxes of N2O (mean +/- standard error) were 7.9 +/- 0.7 and 7.0 +/- 0.6 ng N cm-2 h-1 for the Oxisol and 1.7 +/- 0.1 and 1.6 +/- 0.3 ng N cm-2 h-1 for the Ultisol for 2000 and 2001 respectively. The annual fluxes of NO from undisturbed forest soil in 2001 was 9.0 +/- 2.8 ng N cm-2 h-1 for the Oxisol and 8.8 +/- 5.0 ng N cm-2 h-1 for the Ultisol. Consumption of CH4 from the atmosphere dominated over production on undisturbed forest soils. Fluxes averaged -0.3 +/- 0.2 and -0.1 +/- 0.9 mg CH4 m-2 d-1 on the Oxisol and -1.0 +/- 0.2 and -0.9 +/- 0.3 mg CH4 m-2 d-1 on the Ultisol for years 2000 and 2001. For CO2 in 2001, the annual fluxes averaged 3.6 +/- 0.4 :mol m-2 s-1 on the Oxisol and 4.9 +/- 1.1 :mol m-2 s-1 on the Ultisol. We measured fluxes over one year each from two recently logged forests on the Oxisol in 2000 and on the Ultisol in 2001. Sampling in logged areas was stratified from greatest to least ground disturbance covering log decks, skid trails, tree-fall gaps, and forest matrix. Areas of strong soil compaction, especially the skid trails and logging decks were prone to significantly greater emissions of N2O, NO, and especially CH4. In the case of CH4, estimated annual emissions from decks reached extremely high rates of 531 +/- 419 and 98 +/- 41 mg CH4 m-2 d-1, for Oxisol and Ultisol sites respectively, comparable to wetland emissions in the region. We calculated excess fluxes from logged areas by subtraction of a background forest matrix or undisturbed forest flux and adjusted these fluxes for the proportional area of ground disturbance. Our calculations suggest that selective logging increases emissions of N2O and NO from 30% to 350% depending upon conditions. While undisturbed forest was a CH4 sink, logged forest tended to emit methane at moderate rates. Soil-atmosphere CO2 fluxes were only slightly affected by logging. The regional effects of logging cannot be simply extrapolated based upon one site. We studied sites where reduced impact harvest management was used while in typical conventional logging ground damage is twice as great. Even so, our results indicate that for N2O, NO, and CH4, logging disturbance may be as important for regional budgets of these gases as other extensive land use changes in the Amazon such as the conversion of forest to cattle pasture.

TG07_DBH_Cauaxi_1063

Canopy measurements in an undisturbed eastern Amazon forest (Cauxi, Para, Brazil. See Figure 1) were derived from a one-time event in 2000 using a hand-held laser range finder, and diameter at breast height (DBH) was determined manually. Parameters reported include: Crown Width, Crown Depth, Tree Height, and DBH. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set. In addition, these manually derived measurements were compared to the IKONOS satellite data of crown dimensions that were acquired on 2 November 2000, from an orbital altitude of 680 km. The data from a 600 x 600 m block of undisturbed forest, including the 50 ha area surveyed in the field, were analyzed in a combined image processing and geographic information system environment. DATA QUALITY STATEMENT: The Data Center has determined that there are questions about the quality of the data reported in this data set. The data set has missing or incomplete data, metadata, or other documentation that diminishes the usability of the products. KNOWN PROBLEMS: Only the general location for this study was identified -- Cauaxi, Para, Brazil. The tree measurement data are of limited use because coordinates for the study site, coordinates of the beginning and end of the transects, and coordinates of the measured trees were not provided. Also, the area that the IKONOS image captured was not provided and the IKONOS image is not available due to restricted distribution.

TG08_Soil_Gas_Fertilization_1105

This data set provides nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) flux measurements, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pools, net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and measurements of soil moisture, in response to nitrogen and phosphorus soil fertilization treatments. The research was conducted in a mature moist tropical forest and an 11-year pasture at Nova Vida in Rondonia, in the Brazilian Amazon, in 1998 and 1999. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set.

TG08_Soil_Gas_Wetting_1101

This data set includes the results of measurements of the soil gas fluxes of nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2), soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil pools of ammonium and nitrate in response to a simulated rain event. Study sites were soils in mature forests and pastures of two ages (11 and 26 yrs old). The study took place during the dry season in August 1998 at Fazenda Nova Vida, Rondonia in the Brazilian Amazon. There is one comma-delimited ASCII file with this data set. This study investigated how changes in soil moisture (i.e., rains at the end of the dry season) affected the fluxes of NO, N20 and CO2 from forest and pasture soils in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon (Garcia-Montiel, et al., 2003). The main objectives were to measure the short-term dynamics of soil emissions of NO, N20, and CO2 in forest and pasture soils associated with soil wetting after prolonged dryness; and quantify the contribution of the pulses of N oxide fluxes resulting from soil wetting to dry season and annual fluxes.

TG09_N2O_Soils_1013

This data set reports the results of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopic analyses of soil, soil water, and N2O soil gas samples; total soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations; and soil texture and bulk density. Samples were collected from the km 83 Logged Forest Tower Site and the km 67 Seca-Floresta Site in the Tapajos National Forest (TNF) near Santarem, Para, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in July of 2000 and soil gas samples were collected in 2001 and 2002. Soil and gas samples were collected from various soil types at each site and from several depths in specially constructed pits. There is one comma-delimited ASCII data file with this data set.

TG10_TROFFEE_1195

This data set provides derived emission factors (EFs), reported in grams of compound emitted per kilogram of dry fuel (g/kg), for PM10 (particulate matter up to 10 micrometers in size), O3, CO2, CO, NO, NO2, HONO, HCN, NH3, OCS, DMS, CH4, and up to 48 non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) from the Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment (TROFFEE). TROFFEE used laboratory measurements followed by airborne and ground based field campaigns in Mato Grosso, Para, and Amazonas, Brazil during the 2004 Amazon dry season to quantify the emissions from pristine tropical forest and several plantations as well as the emissions, fuel consumption, and fire ecology of tropical deforestation fires. EFs were determined for 19 tropical deforestation fires in August and September, 2004. The combined output of these fires created a massive megaplume more than 500-km wide and covered a large area in Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay for about one month. For the megaplume, the EFs (reported in grams of compound emitted per kilogram of dry fuel (g/kg)) represented the effective emissions factor measured downwind from the source. There are two comma-delimited data files (.csv) and one text file (.txt) with this data set. The text file contains information regarding the fuel/fire sources, latitude and longitudes (also provided in the data files).

PC06_ECMWF_LBA_1141

This data set provides the mean diurnal cycle of precipitation, near-surface thermodynamics, and surface fluxes generated from short-term forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. The model outputs were 12- to 36-hour short-range forecasts, run at a triangular truncation of T319 and a vertical resolution of 60 levels, from each daily 1200 (UTC) analysis. The version of the forecast model used to prepare this data product was the operational ECMWF model in fall 2000, which included the tiled land-surface scheme (TESSEL) (Van den Hurk et al., 2000) and recent revisions to the convection, radiation, and cloud schemes described by Gregory et al., (2000). The ECMWF model was run for two Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) campaigns conducted in Rondonia, Brazil, during January and February of 1999: the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign (WETAMC) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). See Silva Dias et al.,(2002) for additional information regarding the WETAMAC and TRMM campaigns. There are two comma-delimited data files with this data set: the ECMWF model output data and a file containing the mean hourly precipitation observations used to check the model output for biases.

ABLE_897

The ABLE 2A and 2B (Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments) data consists of estimates of the rate of exchange of a wide variety of aerosols and gases between the Amazon Basin and its atmospheric boundary layer, and the processes by which these aerosols and gases are moved between the boundary layer and the free troposphere. The data are presented in gzipped ASCII text files in Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) format. The ABLE-2 project consisted of two expeditions: the first in the Amazonian dry season (ABLE-2A, July-August 1985); and the second in the wet season (ABLE-2B, April-May 1987). The ABLE-2 core research data were gathered by NASA Electra aircraft flights that stretched from Belem, at the mouth of the Amazon River, west to Tabatinga, on the Brazil-Colombia border, from a base at Manaus in the heart of the forest. See Figure 1. These observations were supplemented by ground based chemical and meteorological measurements in the dry forest, the Amazon floodplain, and the tributary rivers through use of enclosures, an instrumented tower in the jungle, a large tethered balloon, and weather and ozone sondes. This study showed air above the Amazon jungle to be extremely clean during the wet season but air quality deteriorated dramatically during the dry season as the result of biomass burning, performed mostly at the edges of the forest. Biomass burning is also a source of greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane, as well as other pollutants (carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen). Amazonian ozone deposition rates were found to be 5 to 50 times higher than those previously measured over pine forests and water surfaces. The Amazon River floodplain is a globally significant source of methane, supplying about 12% of the estimated worldwide total from all wetlands sources. Over Amazonia, carbon monoxide is enhanced by factors ranging from 1.2 to 2.7 by comparison with adjacent regions due to isoprene oxidation and biomass burning. Over the rainforest individual convective storms transport 200 megatons of air per hour, of which 3 megatons is water vapor that releases 100,000 megawatts of energy into the atmosphere through condensation into rain. The ABLE was a collaboration of U.S. and Brazilian scientists sponsored by NASA and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) and supported by the Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) component of the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program.

ARME_898

The Amazonian Region Micrometeorological Experiment (ARME) data contain micrometeorological data (climate, interception of precipitation, mircometeorology and soil moisture) on the elements of the energy balance and evapotranspiration for the Amazonian forest. ASCII text data files for each of the four data types have been zipped toghether. One of the many scientific findings of this experiment was that tropical forest does not experience water stress due to the lack of precipitation, during periods when evapotranspiration is at the potential rate (Shuttleworth, 1988). ARME data types include climate (meteorological), interception of precipitation, micrometeorology, and soil moisture. These data are described in the Data Description section below.

Pre_LBA_ABRACOS_899

The data set presents the principal data from the Anglo-BRazilian Amazonian Climate Observation Study (ABRACOS) (Gash et al, 1996) and provides quality controlled information from five of the study topics considered by the project in five zipped files containing ASCII text data. The five study topics include Micrometeorology, Climate, Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor, Plant Physiology, and Soil Moisture. The objectives of the ABRACOS were to monitor Amazonian climate and improve the understanding of the consequences of deforestation and to provide data for the calibration and validation of GCMs and GCM sub-models of Amazonian forest and post-deforestation pasture (Shuttleworth et al, 1991). Three areas were instrumented, each with different soils, dry season intensities and deforestation densities (Gash et al, 1996). In each area, an automatic weather station and soil moisture measurement equipment were installed: in a primary forest site and in nearby cattle pasture, for monitoring climate and soil status throughout the year. Additional intensive periods of study (or Missions), of varying duration, were operated at these sites: for calibration purposes, to understand the physical processes relevant to each site, and for detailed comparisons between sites. These data were collected under the ABRACOS project and made available by the UK Institute of Hydrology and the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (Brazil). ABRACOS is a collaboration between the Agencia Brasileira de Cooperacao and the UK Overseas Development Administration. The processed, quality controlled and integrated data in the documented Pre-LBA data sets were originally published as a set of three CD_ROMs (Marengo and Victoria, 1998) but are now archived individually.

CABARE_918

Surface parameter digital maps of vegetation, soil, and topography were obtained for Rondonia, Brazil, covering the 5x5 degree region bounded by 13-8 degrees S and 65-60 degrees W. Numerical maps of the natural landscape structure were prepared by digitizing existing 1:1,000,000 maps. Satellite data give information about the most recent modifications of the surface due to human activities. This mapping work was the first step of a mesoscale meteorological modeling program (Calvet et al., 1997) in forested and deforested Southwestern Amazonia (Rondonia, Brazil). This work was performed in the framework of a research program (CABARE) supported by the European Union, CEC Environment Program. Data are provided in ArcGIS ArcInfo grid ascii format for the following surface parameters: Elevation of terrain of the Rondonia region (altitude.txt) LANDSAT-derived vegetation classification of the Rondonia region in 1993-1994 (classify.txt) Soil classification of the Rondonia region (soil.txt) Sand and Clay of the Rondonia region (sand.txt and clay.txt) Vegetation classification of the Rondonia region from RADAMBRASIL (Macedo et al., 1979) (vegetation.txt)

CAMREX_904

The objective of CAMREX (Carbon in the Amazon River Experiment) project which was conducted from 1982 through 1991, was been to define by mass balances and direct measurements those processes which control the distribution of bioactive elements (C, N, P and O) in the mainstem of the Amazon River in Brazil. The CAMREX dataset represents a time series unique in its length and detail for very large river systems. The central sampling strategy has been to obtain representative flux-weighted water samples for comprehensive chemical analysis and to make rate measurements over 18 different sites within a 2000 km reach of the Brazilian Amazon mainstem, including major intervening tributaries. Samples have now been collected on 13 different cruises (1982-1991) during contrasting hydrographic stages. Data or images are provided for (1) water chemistry, (2) daily river discharge, (3) monthly estimates for 1989 of some model drivers and structure including NPP, Evapotranspiration, Precipitation, Temperature, and AVHRR data, (4) daily precipitation, and (5) air temperature anomalies. The processed, quality controlled and integrated data in the documented Pre-LBA Data sets were originally published as a set of three CD_ROMs (Marengo and Victoria, 1998) but are now archived individually.

FLOODAMA_903

This data set provides a digital mosaic of the Amazon River floodplain that was compiled using Landsat TM images. This mosaic was planned in July 1995 as an activity of the EOS-IDS Project that was developed with cooperation among INPE, CENA, University of Washington in Seattle (UW), University of California in Santa Barbara (UCSB), and NASA. The mosaic is composed by 29 Landsat TM images covering a period from 1986 to 1995 that were selected with minimum cloud cover and within the July to September high water season of the Amazon River. These images were geometrically corrected using ground control points extracted from topographic charts and image charts at the 1:250,000 scale. In addition, these images were radiometrically rectified to 231/062 (Manaus region) TM image using the method developed by Hall et al. (1991). The radiometric rectification applied had a good performance for bands 3, 5, and 7, for most of the scenes. For bands 1 and 2 the radiometric rectification was limited, especially for scenes with intense haze. Nevertheless, the overall performance of radiometric normalization allowed the production of a uniform data set for the entire Brazilian Amazon River mainstem floodplain. The mosaic was then built using the best bands (rectified or non-rectified) of the TM images with 90 meter spatial resolution. The mosaic data are provided in geoTIFF-formatted files, rectified and geocoded, for six TM bands (1 to 5 and 7) with 90-meter spatial resolution. The mosaic is divided in two parts: Part 1, from the mouth of the Amazon river in Brazil to the Brazil/Peru boundary and Part 2, from the Brazil/Peru boundary to its spring. There is also a 500-meter resolution mosaic covering all the Amazon river (from spring to the mouth) with geoTIFF-formatted data files for TM bands 3, 4, and 5. The processed, quality controlled and integrated data in the documented Pre-LBA Data sets were originally published as a set of three CD_ROMs (Marengo and Victoria, 1998) but are now archived individually.

FLUAMAZON_896

The FLUAMAZON Experiment data set includes meteorological data collected with radiosondes to examine the moisture flux from the northern coast of South America (near the mouth of the Amazon River) into central Amazonia. The measurements were collected from November 23, to December 21, 1989 during the period of transition between the dry and humid seasons in the region. Some of the studies performed with data from FLUAMAZON were related to the atmospheric thermodynamic structure over Amazonia. During FLUAMAZON, radiosonde measurements were made simultaneously in five different locations: Alcantara, Belem, Oiapoque, Manaus, and Alta Floresta. ASCII text data files for each location have been compiled and compressed into site-specific zipped files.

ISLSCP_919

This data set contains hydrology, soils, radiation, cloud, and vegetation data from the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative I. The ISLSCP data sets should provide LBA modelers with many of the fields required to describe boundary conditions, and to initialize and force a wide range of land-biosphere-atmosphere models. All of the data have been processed to the same global spatial resolution (1 deg. x 1 deg.), using the same land/sea mask and steps have been taken to ensure spatial and temporal continuity of the data. The data sets cover the period 1987-1988 at 1-month time resolution for most of the seasonally varying quantities. For this pre-LBA data set, the ISLSCP I data are provided as global coverages. The companion file illustrations were subset over the LBA study area, from 35-85 deg. W longitude and 20 deg. S to 10 deg. N latitude, as shown in Figure 1. The data files and illustrations are organized into the three groups listed below. 1. Hydrology and Soils 2. Radiation and Clouds 3. Vegetation The data within each of these areas were acquired from a variety of sources including model output, satellites, and ground measurements. The individual data sets were provided in a variety of forms. In some cases, this required the data publication team to regrid and reformat data sets and in others to produce monthly averages from finer resolution data. The specific processing for each data set is detailed in the documentation. The processed, quality controlled and integrated data in the documented Pre-LBA Data sets were originally published as a set of three CD-ROMs (Marengo and Victoria, 1998) but are now archived individually.

RADAMBrasil_941

The RADAMBRASIL project extensively mapped the Amazon soils using a combination of soil pit information, aerial photography, and geologic maps. During the project, 1,153 soil pits, distributed basin-wide, were described and sampled by horizon and analyzed for texture and chemical composition. This data set, which consists of one file in ASCII comma separated format, contains soil profile descriptions for locations throughout Brazilian Amazonia. These data are based on RADAMBRASIL surveys from the Soil Profiles of Amazonia (Source: IPAM, Brazil/WHRC, USA). See the companion file Soil Profiles of Amazonia.pdf

RBLE_917

The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the layer of air closest to the ground which is directly influenced on a daily basis by the heating and cooling of the earth's surface. The exact depth of the ABL varies according synoptic weather conditions and the time of day. During the daytime it is usually between 1 and 3 km; during the night it is much shallower. The ABL is important because it links the fluxes of heat and water vapor observed at the surface to the general circulation of the atmosphere. To model climate correctly, it is necessary for the ABL to be well understood and represented in the model. Because the air in the ABL is turbulent, small scale variations (about 1 km or less) in evaporation and heat flux at the surface are smoothed, with the temperature, humidity and depth of the ABL being uniform over the entire area. Larger scale variations (on the scale of 10 km or more) may lead to differences in ABL properties between the different surface types. Such differences may cause local atmospheric circulations to develop which may be important for the local climate of an area. During ABRACOS, three ABL measurement campaigns were carried out. These campaigns were called the Rondonia Boundary Layer Experiment (RBLE) 1, 2 and 3 and were held at Ji-Parana where the scale of the forested and deforested areas is large enough for each surface type to develop its own ABL. Refer to the related data set, Pre-LBA Anglo-Brazilian Amazonian Climate Observation Study (ABRACOS) Data, for additional information. The processed, quality controlled and integrated data in the documented Pre-LBA Data sets were originally published as a set of three CD_ROMs (Marengo and Victoria, 1998) but are now archived individually. The campaigns were held during the dry season when the difference in evaporation between the two surfaces types, forest and pasture, is at its greatest. Measurements were made with both free-flying radiosondes which measure temperature, humidity, and wind up to about 12 km and with a tethered balloon which makes more detailed measurements in the lowest 1 km of the atmosphere. Measurements were made at both the forest and clearing sites. Profiles of potential temperature measured during RBLE2 show that the daytime ABL was deeper over the clearing than the forest. The data have been used to test several models of ABL development. It appears that the ABL over pastures or over clearings grows more rapidly than predicted by the models, possibly because of the increased turbulence generated by the strips of forest typical of this area. The data have also been used to initialize one-dimensional climate models used in experiments to investigate the sensitivity of climate to land surface parameters, and to initialize a mesoscale model which can predict local effects on climate caused by the pattern of deforestation in this area.

SCAR-B_916

This data set contains meteorological data, reanalysis data, remote sensing images, and data on atmospheric composition collected during the Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation - Brazil (SCAR-B) experiment. The SCAR-B examined the effects of biomass burning on atmospheric processes with four primary goals: (1) improving techniques for remote sensing of these process from space, (2) obtain measurements of the rates of emissions of trace gases and particles from biomass burning, (3) observe the influence of atmospheric processes on the emission products was to obtain measurements of the rates of emissions of trace gases and particles from biomass burning, and to observe the influence of atmospheric processes on these emission products, and (4) characterize the physical and radiative properties of smoke particles from biomass burning. SCAR-B was conducted during biomass burning in the cerrado ( dry savannah) and Amazonia rainforest to understand the influence of land cover type on smoke, clouds, and radiation. Selected archived data and images from SCAR-B are described in the Data Description section table. Extensive background information on SCAR-B is provided following the Data Description. The processed, quality controlled and integrated data in the documented Pre-LBA Data sets were originally published as a set of three CD_ROMs (Marengo and Victoria, 1998) but are now archived individually.

TRACE-A_920

This data set contains atmospheric chemistry and meteorological data from the NASA Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE-A) field study. The NASA TRACE-A study took place in August 1992 to determine the cause and source of high concentrations of ozone that accumulate over the Atlantic ocean between southern Africa and South America during the months of August through October. The processed, quality controlled and integrated data in the documented Pre-LBA Data sets were originally published as a set of three CD-ROMs (Marengo and Victoria, 1998) but have now been archived individually.

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